NEW BRUNSWICK, a Province in the Dominion of Canada, bounded on the north-west by the Province of Quebec, from which it is separated by the River Restigouche: north by Baie des Chaleurs; east by the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Northumberland Strait, the latter separating it from Prince Edward Island; south by the Bay of Fundy and part of Nova Scotia; and on the west by the S ate of Maine; from which it is parted by the St. Croix and St. John Rivers extending front lat. 45° 5' to 48° 40' N, lon. 63° 50' to 63° W.; greatest length from north to south 230 miles; breadth 190 miles; area 27,985 square miles. Its coastline is about 500 miles in length, interrupted only at the point of junction with Nova Scotia, where an isthmus of not more than 11 Miles in breadth connects the two territories and separates the waters of Northumberlaud Strait from those of the Bay of Fundy, and which it is proposed to unite by means of a canal, called the Bay Verte Canal. The surface of the country is generally flat or undulating. There are some hills skirting the Bay of Fundy and the Rivers St. John and Restigouclie, but they nowhere assume mountain summits. The shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Northumberland Strait abound in fine ship harbors (each at the mouth of a considerable river), from which is exported much fine timber. For about 12 miles inland the country is low and skirted with marshes. The face of the Province is traversed in all directions by navigable rivers, chief of which is the St. John, 450 miles in length. It is navigable for vessels of 100 tons to Fredericton, 90 Miles from the sea. Above this point smaller steamers ascend 65 miles, to Woodstock, and occasionally make , trips as far as the Tobique, 75 miles further up, and even to the Grand Falls, a magnificent cataract 70 or 80 feet perpendicular, 225 miles from the sea. Above the Falls the St. John has been navigated by a steamer to the mouth of the Madawaska, 40 miles; from this point boats and canoes may ascend almost to its sources. The Madawaska River is also navigable for small steamers to Lake Temiscouata, a sheet of water 27 miles long, from 2 to 6 miles broad, and of great depth throughout. From the upper part of this lake to the River St. Lawrence, at Trois Pistoles, the distance is only about 18 miles. A post road was first made across country here to near Kamouraska, about 1784. The country drained by the St. John and its tributaries comprises about 9,000,000 acres in New Brunswick, 2,000,000 in Quebec, and 6,000,000 in Maine. The valley is remarkable for its fertility and picturesque beauty. After the St. John, the largest river of New Bruns wick is the Miramichi, flowing north-east into an extensive bay of its own name. It is 225 miles in length, and 7 miles wide at its mouth. It is navigable for large vessels 25 Miles from the Gulf, and for schooners 20 Miles further, to the head of the tide, above which, for 60 miles, it is navigable for boats. The river has many large tributaries spreading over a great extent of country. The Petitcodiac is a large river, flowing into Cumberland Basin, near the head of the Bay of Fundy. It is about 100 miles in length, and is navigable for vessels of the largest size for 25 miles, and for schooners of 60 or 80 tons to the head of the tide, 12 miles further. The Richibucto is a considerable river flowing into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The tide flows up it 25 miles. It is navigable for small vessels 15 miles. The Restigouche, at the north-eastern extremity of the Province, is a noble river, 3 miles wide at its entrance into the Baie des Chaleurs, and navigable for large vessels for 18 miles from the Bay. The principal stream of the Restigouche is over 200 miles in length. Its Indian name signifies “the river which divides like the hand”—in allusion to its separation, above the tide, in five large streams. The Main river and its tributaries drain over 4,000 square miles of fertile and finely timbered country. Among the numerous bays with which the coast is indented, the most important is the Baie des Chaleurs, an immense haven 90 miles in length, and from 12 to 25 miles in breadth, with many excellent harbors. Throughout its whole extent there is neither rock, reef, nor shoal, nor any impediment to navigation. On the southern, or New Brunswick, side of this Bay, the shores are low, the water deepening gradually from them. On the northern, or Quebec side, the shores are bold and precipitous, rising into eminences, which almost may be called mountains. Besides the Miramichi, already mentioned, the principal bays on its east coast are the Richibucto, Buctouche, Cocagne and Shediac; on the south coast are Passamaquoddy Bay, separating New Brunswick from Maine, and on the southwest, St. John Harbor and Chignecto Bay. The lakes are numerous but of small extent. The principal is Grand Lake, 30 miles long and 2 to 7 miles wide, communicating with the River St. John 50 miles from the sea. Along the shores of the Baie des Chaleurs and the Gulf of St. Lawrence grey sandstone and grey clay slate predominate, with detached rocks of granite, quartz and ironstone; on the south coast, limestone, graywacke, clay slate with sandstone, interrupted occasionally by gneiss, trap and granite. Specimens of amethyst, carnelian, jasper, etc., have been picked up in various places. Coal is plentiful and iron ore abundant; the former is said to extend over 10,000 square miles. The Albert coal mine is the most valuable deposit of bituminuous matter on this continent. It produces 100 gallons of crude oil per ton. Copper and manganese also abound. A large deposit of the former has been discovered on the banks of the Nepisiquit River, which falls into Bathurst Bay, and another of plumbago half a mile of St. John. The supply of the latter is said to be inexhaustible. Gypsum, limestone, freestone and grindstone abound. Salt springs, strongly saturated, are numerous, and some sulphurous springs have been discovered. The climate of New Brunswick is subject to extremes of heat and cold. The ranges of temperature are: at St. John from 18° below to 88° above; at Richibucto from 20° below to 90° above; and at Fredericton from 24° below to 95° above. The prevailing summer winds are from the W.S.W., and S.; when from the south-west dense fogs are often produced on the Bay of Fundy, and extend from 15 to 20 miles inland. The autumn is a season of exceeding beauty, the air being dry and clear, and the woods glowing with innumerable tints of the richest and most brilliant hues. Of the soil and capabilities of New Brunswick it is impossible to speak too highly. There is hardly a country in the world so beautifully wooded and watered. A large portion of the surface is covered with dense forests of pine, hackmatack, spruce, cedar, etc., etc., which provide immense quantities of timber both for export and shipbuilding. All kinds of cereals and fruits (except peaches) ripen perfectly and are of excellent quality. The potatoes raised in this Province are the within best in the world. Turnips, peas, beaus, and Owner leguminous plants thrive admirably, a most profitable crop is grass, which occupies about four-fifths of the land on every large farm. Agriculture, however, has made but slow progress, and the demand for food is far beyond the supply raised on the soil. The inhabitants generally find it more profitable to follow the lumbering business. The rivers, lakes and sea coast of New Brunswick abound with fish of almost every variety. In Baie des Chaleurs immense shoals are seen, darkening the surface of the water. The Bay of Fundy has long been celebrated for its fisheries. The salmon fisheries of New Brunswick are among the finest in the world. The Buctouche, Caraquette and Cocagne oyster beds are as prolific as they are famous, and the finest lobsters are found in profusion. The crop returns of the Province for the year 1903 were in the following commodities as follows: From 21,544 acres planted in wheat the yield (1903) was 456,245 bushels; from 176,909 acres in oats the yield was 5,791,607 bushels; from 4,113 acres in barley, the yield was 105,117 bus.; from 61,495 acres in buckwheat the yield was 1,424,728 bus.; from 34,514 acres in potatoes the yield was 4,686,906 bushels; and from 5,001 acres in turnips, the yield was 2,595,156 bushels. The mineral production of the Province, compared with the other Provinces of the Dominion, is small; it has not the great coal areas of its fellow Province of Nova Scotia; its yield annually from the fisheries is also much below Nova Scotia, being in 1903, $4,186,800 in value, against $7,841,602 in the adjacent Province. Nor is it strong in manufactures, though there is considerable activity in the lumber trade and in shipbuilding. In its soil, it has much structural material in stone and clay, its annual returns from brick, common and pressed, being large, as well as from lime and from drain tile. Shipbuilding is extensively prosecuted in the Province, more especially at St. John and on the Miramichi. Vessels are also built at St. Andrews, at various coves and harbors on the Bay of Fundy, along the banks of the St. John and Petitcodiac, and at Cocagne, Richibucto, Bathurst, Dalhousie, Campbellton and other ports of the north shore. The principal articles manufactured in New Brunswick are sawn lumber, leather, cotton and woollen goods, wooden ware of all descriptions, paper, iron castings, nails, mill machinery, locomotives, steam engines, etc. The number of saw mills in the Province is very large. The great extent of sea coast, with its numerous bays and navigable rivers flowing into them, furnish admirable facilities for commerce. The principal exports are fish, tim ber and lumber, iron, coal, gypsum, shooks, hay, etc. The chief imports are wheat, flour and cornmeal, corn and other grain, salted meats, coffee, sugar, tea, molasses, tobacco, woollen, cotton and silk manufacturers, fruits, etc. There are 13 railways in the Province, with a total track mileage of 1,392 miles. The in tercolonial Railway runs from St. John to Halifax and Montreal with branches to Shedia-c and Fredericton. The head offices are at Moncton. The Canadian Pacific Railway has leased the New Brunswick Railway and also the International Railway, from Sherbrooke eastward, reducing the distance by rail between Montreal and St. John to 430 miles. (By the I.C.R., the distance is 739 miles). The Moncton & Buctouche Railway runs between these two points, a distance of 32 miles; the New Brunswick Southern Railway runs from St. John to St. Stephen, a distance of 82 miles; the Elgin & Havelock Railway from Havelock to Elgin; the N. B. Coal & Ry. Co.'s line, from Norton to Minto, and from Hampton to St. Martin's, 88 miles; and the Kent Northern Railway runs from Kent Junction on the I.C.R., to Richibucto, a distance of 27 miles. The Canada Eastern Railway u(now purchased by the I.C.R.), runs from Loggieville to Fredericton, a distance of 119 miles. The New Brunswick & Prince Edward Island Railway, with general offices at Sackville, runs between that point and Cape Tormentine, a distance of 38 miles; the Salisbury & Harvey Railway runs between these points, a distance of 48 miles. The Beersville Ry. and Coal Co. from Adamsville to Imperial and Coalville, 14 miles; and the Caraquet Railway runs between Shippegan and Gloucester, a distance of 70 miles and the Gulf Shore from Pockmouche Jct. to Tracadie Mills. 18 miles. Telegraph wires connect New Brunswick with the United States and the western Provinces of the Dominion on the one hand, and with Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Europe on the other. The Province is divided into 13 counties, the names of which, and population in 1901, with their capitals, are exhibited in the following table:

Alberta: 10,925, Elgin.

Caileton: 21,621, Woodstock.

Charlotte: 22,415, St. Stephen.

Gloucester: 27,936, Bathurs.

Kent: 23,958, Richibucto.

Kings: 21,655, Sussex.

Northumberland: 18,543, Chatham.

Restigouche: 10,586, Dalhousie.

St John City & Co (1906): 63,759, St. John.

Sunbury and Queens: 16,906, Chipman.

Victoria: 21,136, Drummond.

Westmoreland: 42,060, Moncton.

York: 31,620, Fredericton.

Total: 349,130.

Total area of the above counties. 17,863,266 acres. There are 2 Roman Catholic dioceses in the Province—St. John and Chatham; and 1 Church of England, Fredericton. The following table, taken from the census returns of 1901. shows the various religious denominations and the number of their adherents:

Church of England: 41,767

Church of Rome: 125,698

Presbyterians: 39,496

Baptists: 80,874

Methodists: 35,973

Congregationalists: 1,040

Other Denominations: 2,529

Disciples: 1,637

Adventists: 1,124

Salvation Army: 606

Jews: 376

New Brunswick devotes annually out of the Provincial revenue a large sum to educational objects. The educational institutions supported by law are a Provincial University, a training or Normal School for teachers, and a system of common schools ranging from the primary to the grammar or high school department. The common schools are free to all, being supported from the Provincial revenue, and by rate upon the entire property of the country. In 1903, the number of public schools in the Province was 1,726, with 1,815 teachers and 59,963 pupils. The average attendance for the year 1903 was the aggregate number of 37,552. The chief part of the inhabitants are emigrants from Great Britain, and their descendants, with U.E. Loyalists. There are a number of French Acadians, settled chiefly in the counties on the north shore and in the valley of the Madawaska. and there are also a small number of Micmacs, Meiicites and other Indians in the northern part of the Province, and on the St. John River. The affairs of the Province are administered by a Lieutenant-Governor, aided by an Executive Council of 7 members, and a House of Assembly of 45 representatives, elected every 4 years. The judicial department comprises a Supreme Court, with 1 chief and 4 puisne judges, having Law and Equity jurisdiction; one of Marriage and Divorce, a Vice-Admiralty Court, and a County Court for each county in the Province. The Provincial Legislature meets at Fredericton. The capital is Fredericton, pop. (1901), 7,117. The revenue of the Province for the year 1904 was $890,653, the expenditure was $885,457. The Province's imports for the same year amounted to $18,956,531, while the exports were $17,931,854. New Brunswick is represented in the Dominion Parliament by 13 members. The gross debt of the Province in 1904 was $4,066,161: the assets, not including the crown lands and the value of the Provincial public buildings, were $650,527.

New Brunswick was first settled by the French in 1639. It continued to form part, with Nova Scotia, of Acadia, or New France, till it fell into the hands of the British, after the conquest of Quebec. The first British settlers in the Province emigrated from Scotland to the Miramichi in 1764: and in 1784, New Brunswick was separated from Nova Scotia and erected into a separate Province. In 1825. the standing timber in the district around Miramichi Bay took fire, and enveloped an area of 6,000 square miles in flames, consuming two thriving towns, many large vessels lying in Miramichi River, and destroying 500 human beings. In 1867 this Province united with Ontario, Quebec and Nova Scotia in forming the Canadian Confederation, and is the fourth largest Province, as regards population, in the Dominion. Its rate of increase, however, is small, being only 3.06 in the previous ten years; while it is soon likely to be outstripped by Manitoba. British Columbia and the new Provinces carved out of the N.W. Territories in the number of its inhabitants.