Ipswich, an ancient, neat, well-built, populous town, one mile long, but broader, forming a sort of half-moon on the banks of the river Orwell, over which it has a stone bridge, leading to its suburb, Stoke Hamlet. It is called by Mr. Camden, "the eye of the county. "It was formerly of much greater note than at present; the harbour was more convenient, and had a greater number of vessels.

A battle was fought here, between the Britons and Saxons, in the year 466; and in the year 991 it was plundered by the Danes, and a peace was purchased of them by the inhabitants, at the expence of 10, 000l.; notwithstanding which, nine years after, they ravaged the town again. A castle was built here soon after the Norman Conquest, which was pulled down by King Stephen, and no vestiges are now remaining.

A priory of Augustine Canons was begun here in the parish church of the Holy Trinity, before the year 1177, and chiefly endowed by Norman, the son of Eadnoth, one of the first canons; but the church and offices being burned not long after, were rebuilt by John Oxford, Bishop of Norwich. The site was granted to Sir Thomas Pole.

Cardinal Wolsey, who was a native of this place, willing to bestow some marks of his regard, as well as desirous of erecting there a lasting monument of his greatness, resolved to build and endow a college and grammar-school, to serve as a nursery for his great college at Oxford. For this purpose, being then in the meridian of his prosperity, he obtained bulls from the Pope for the suppression, and letters patent from the king, for the site and estate of the priory of St. Peter and Paul, a house of Black Canons, founded in the latter end of the reign of Henry the Second, or the beginning of that of Richard the First, by the ancestors of Thomas Lacy, and Alice his wife.

Here, in the twentieth year of Henry the Eighth, he founded a college, dedicated to the honour of the blessed Virgin Mary, consisting of a dean, twelve secular canons, eight choristers, together with a grammar-school; but this noble foundation was scarcely completed before the disgrace of the cardinal, when this building, with its site, containing, by estimation, six acres, was granted to Thomas Alverda. No part of this college is now remaining except the gate, the rest having been demolished long since, to the very foundation. This gate, except a square stone tablet, on which are carved the arms of King Henry the Eighth, is entirely of brick, worked into niches, wreathed pinnacles, and chimneys, flowers, and other decorations, according to the fashion of the times. At present it seems nodding to its fall, being much out of the perpendicular.

St. Mary Magdalen’s Hospital, for lepers, was founded in the reign of King John, to which was afterwards annexed St. James’s Hospital, for the same purpose. In the east part of the town was a house of Black Friars, settled here in the reign of Henry the Third, said to have been founded by Henry Manesby and others, granted to William Sabyn. A house was founded for Carmelites, by Sir Richard de Loudham, or, according to Speed, by Lord Bandolph and others, about the year 1279, which was granted to John Eyre. In the west part of the town, the Friars Minors had a house and church in the reign of Edward the First, built by Sir Robert Tiptoft, of Nettlested.

Edmund Dauby, some time bailiff and portman of the town, who died in the year 1515, built and endowed some alms-houses here; but the lands settled for their support were, at the Reformation, in the reign of Edward the Sixth, granted away, or assigned to other uses; for (though the houses remain) the in, come is lost.

This town formerly contained twenty-one parish churches, but at present it has but twelve: there are, however, two chapels in the incorporated liberty, besides meeting-houses.

Ipswich had charters and a mint, so early as the reign of King John; but the last charter was from Charles the Second. It is incorporated by the name of two bailiffs, recorder, twelve portmen, (of whom the bailiffs are two), a town-clerk, two chamberlains, two coroners, and twenty-four common-councilmen.

The bailiffs and four of the portmen are justices of the peace. It is the county town, and sends two members to parliament: it has sent these ab origine. The following resolutions have been made at different times in the House, relative to the right of election. 1710, 3rd February. It is, the bailiffs, portmen, common-councilmen, and freemen at large, not receiving alms. —1714. 31st March. Portmen are an essential constituent part of the great court for making freemen of the said borough; without some of which portmen being present, the said court cannot be held. —1st April. A motion being made, and the question being put, that the persons voted freemen at the pretended great courts held in the corporation of Ipswich, 15th June, 7th August, 25th and 28th September, 1711, without any legal portmen then present, were duly made, and have a right to vote for members to serve in parliament for the borough of Ipswich; it passed in the negative. The number of voters are about 623; returning officers, the two bailiffs.

This town enjoys several considerable privileges; as the passing of fines and recoveries, trying causes, both criminal and capital, and even crown causes, among themselves. They appoint the assize of bread, wine, beer, &c. No freeman can be obliged against his consent, to serve on juries out of the town, or bear any office for the king, sheriffs for the county excepted; nor are they obliged to pay any tithes or duties in any other part of the kingdom. They are entitled to all waifs, strays, and all goods cast on shore within their admiralty jurisdiction, which extends on the Essex coast, beyond Harwich, and on both sides the Suffolk coast; and the bailiffs even hold their admiralty court beyond Landguard-fort, &c. In the reign of Edward the Third it was determined at a trial, that the bailiffs and burgesses had the sole right to take the custom duties for goods coming into the port of Harwich.

Here is a convenient quay and custom-house; and no place in Britain is so well situated for the Greenland trade; for besides its conveniency for boiling the blubber, and erecting store-houses, &c. the same wind which carries them out of the mouth of the harbour, will carry them to the very seas of Greenland. Ships of 500 tons have been built here. The tide rises generally twelve feet, and brings large ships within a short distance of it, but flows a little way higher. At low water the harbour is almost dry.

The town-hall is one of the most ancient buildings in this town: before it was used as a guildhall, it was the parochial church of St. Mildred; and it appears to have continued so for near twenty years after the granting of the first charter by King John, in the year 1199, and was incorporated to the priory of St. Peter: there are three rooms under it, which are now let as warehouses. Some years ago a piece of the plastering in the middle of the front near the top, fell down, and discovered a stone, on which were the arms of England and France, quartered, much defaced by time: a board has been put over it of the same shape, with the arms painted on it, at the private expence of one of the portmen. Adjoining the hall is a spacious council-chamber, and under it are the kitchens, formerly used at the feast of the merchants-guild, &c. but now let as workshops; supposed to have been rebuilt or thoroughly repaired on the restoration of Charles the Second.

Here are, besides a shire-hall for the county sessions, a palace for the Bishop of Norwich, a free-school, a good library adjoining to a workhouse, of hospital for poor lunatics, where rogues, vagabonds, &c. are kept to hard labour, and a noble foundation for poor old men and women. Here are other alms-houses, three church schools, in two of which are seventy boys, and in the third forty girls; and an excellent charity was begun here in the year 1704, for the relief of poor clergymen's widows and orphans of this county, by a subscription, which has risen to upwards of 5000l.

The place where the market is held is a large open square; in the middle of which is a fine cross, of curious workmanship. The market-days are Tuesday and Thursday, for small meat; Wednesday and Friday, for fish; and Saturday, for provisions of all kinds.

This town is thought to be one of the cheapest places in England to live at, because of easy house-rent, the best of inns, and great plenty of all kinds of provisions. The adjacent country is cultivated chiefly for corn; of which a great quantity is continually shipped off for London and other places. This part of the country also abounds so much with timber, that since its trade of ship-building has abated, the inhabitants send great quantities to the King’s-yard at Chatham; to which place they often run, from the mouth of Harwich river, in one tide. The river here is best known by the name of Ipswich-water: there is a creek in it, called Lavenham-creek, where there are prodigious shoals of muscles to be seen at low water.

The French refugees attempted formerly to erect a linen manufactory here, but it did not answer; however, the poor people are employed in spinning wool for other places where the manufactory is settled.

Ipswich is situated 69 miles from London. The population, according to the late census, amounted to nearly 18, 000 persons, inhabiting 3264 houses. Ipswich will be much improved by the new cast-iron bridge of a simple elliptic arch, sixty feet in the span, rising ten feet, with a road-way of twenty-two feet and a half, instead of the old bridge that communicated with Stoke.

The streets of Ipswich are rather narrow and irregular, and consequently have not the advantageous appearance of those that run in straight lines, though at present they are well paved, &c. At the corners of many of these, various images, curiously carved, yet remain, and a great number of the houses are adorned in a similar manner, almost to profusion. Ipswich contains many good buildings; several of these, even in the heart of the place, like Norwich, possess convenient gardens, which contribute to its salubrity and the cheerfulness of its situation. In Domesday Book the following churches are mentioned as standing in Ipswich and its liberties: the Holy Trinity, St. Austin, St. Michael, St. Mary, St. Botolph, (or Whitton church), St. Laurence, St. Peter, St. Stephen, and Thurleston. Of these the three former are demolished and not rebuilt. They were probably destroyed by the tempest recorded by Stowe, as occurring on the night of New Year’s day 1287, "when, as well through the vehemence of the wind, as the violence of the sea, many churches were overthrown and destroyed, not only at Yarmouth, Dunwich, and Ipswich, but in divers other places in England."

The twelve churches that remain out of the twenty-one, are those of St. Clement, St. Helen, St. Laurence, St. Margaret, St. Mary at Elms, St. Mary at Kay, St. Mary at Stoke, St Mary at Tower, St. Matthew, St. Nicholas, St. Peter, St. Stephen; and within the liberty of the borough those of Thurleston, Whitton, and Westerfield. In St. Clement's church, is interred Thomas Eldred, who accompanied Cavendish in his circumnavigation of the globe, with an inscription expressing that he went out of Plymouth the 2nd of July, 1556, and arrived there again on the 9th of September, 1558.

In this parish is the hamlet of Wykes, given by King Richard to John Oxenford, bishop of Norwich, for which the town was allowed to deduct from the, fee-farm rent, the sum of 10l. per annum, which it had been accustomed to pay to that prelate. The hamlet and manor, hence called Wykes Bishop, belonged to the bishops of Norwich till 1535, when both were surrendered to Henry VIII., who, in 1545, granted them to Sir John Jermie, Knt. Whilst the manor was in possession of the bishops, they frequently used to reside at their house situated on the south side of the road, leading from Bishop’s-hill towards Nacton, where is now a square field, which appears formerly to have been surrounded by a moat. The church of Wykes is sometimes mentioned in old writings, but it is not known where it stood, and might possibly be no more than a chapel for the use of the bishop and his household. In this parish is part of the hamlet of Wykes Ufford, so called from the Earls of Suffolk of that name. The Willoughbys afterwards possessed it by descent from Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. In the time of Queen Elizabeth, it was held by Sir John Brewes, then by Sir Edmund Withipol, and has ever since gone with the Christ church estate, being now vested in the Rev. Charles Fonnereau.

Beyond St. Clement’s church, and between the two hamlets, stood St. James’s chapel, now wholly demolished, and is thought to have belonged to St. James's hospital, between which and the leprous house of St. Mary Magdalen some connexion is supposed to have existed: this house, it is said, stood somewhere opposite to St. Helen’s church; however, when it was dissolved by Henry VIII., its revenues were annexed to the rectory of St Helen’s, and with them probably those of St. James’s hospital.

St. Helen’s, though formerly appropriated to the hospital of St. James or St. Mary Magdalen, has been instituted into a rectory ever since the Reformation. In a field almost opposite to Caldwell-hall, now called Cold-hall, on the south side of the road leading to Kesgrave, stood the church of St. John the Baptist, in Caldwell, of which there are no remains. It was impropriated to Trinity priory, and granted with that house to Sir Thomas Pope. In this parish also, at the south-west corner of Rosemary-lane, Brook-street, was formerly a chapel, dedicated to St. Edmund & Pountney, and impropriated to St. Peter’s priory; but being, like St. Helen's, in the patronage of the Bishop of Norwich, they were both given to the same incumbent till they were united.

St. Laurence is said in Domesday to have possessed twelve acres of land. This church was given to Trinity priory, to which it was impropriated; but as there had for many years been no praedial tithes belonging to it, there was no grant of the impropriation at the dissolution. The present edifice was begun by. John Bottold, who died in 1431, and was interred here, with this inscription, which, as Weaver informs us, was discovered on removing a pew in this church Subjacet hoc lapide John Bottold, vir probus ipse, Istius ecclesiae primus inceptor fuit iste, Cujus animae, Domine, miserere tu bone Christe. Obiit MCCCCXXXI. Litera Dominicalis G.

The chancel was built by John Baldwyn, draper, who died in 1449, and his name is in the stone-work under the east window, now plastered over. About that time several legacies were left towards the erection of the steeple. In 1514, Edward Daundy, then one of the representatives of this borough in parliament, founded a chantry in this church, for a secular priest to officiate at the altar of St. Thomas, in behalf of himself and his relations, among whom he reckoned Thomas Wolsey, then dean of Lincoln, and his parents, Robert and Jane Wolsey, deceased. This Mr. Daundy was one of the most respectable men of the town in his time. All his daughters married gentlemen of good fortune, anil the wife of lord-keeper Bacon was the issue of one of them.

St. Margaret’s was impropriated to the priory of the Holy trinity. Trinity church, after which this house is supposed to have been named, stood near St. Margaret’s church-yard, and is mentioned in Domesday as being endowed with twenty-six acres of land, in the time of the Conqueror. The priory was founded, and chiefly endowed before the year 1177, by Norman Gastrode, for Black Canons of the order of St. Austin, and the founder became one of its first inhabitants. King Henry II. granted the prior and convent a fair on Holyrood day, September 14, to continue three days. Not long after the foundation of the monastery, the church and offices were consumed by fire: but they were rebuilt by John of Oxford, Bishop of Norwich, on which Richard I. gave the patronage of the priory to him and his successors. The grant of the fair was afterwards confirmed by King John, who moreover granted to the priory, all the lands and rents "formerly belonging" to the churches of St. Michael and St. Saviour in Ipswich. From this expression it may be inferred that both these churches were even then dilapidated; at present their site is unknown, but a vague tradition reports, that the latter stood behind St. Mary Elms, and that the former, which is said in Domesday to have possessed eight acres of land, was situated near the church of St. Nicholas. At the suppression, 26 Henry VIII. the possessions of Trinity priory were valued at 88l. 6s. 9d. per annum, and in the 36th year of the same reign were granted to Sir Thomas Pope. The strong foundation of the steeple of Trinity church was, about fifty years ago, undermined and blown up with gunpowder.

St. Margaret’s is not mentioned in Domesday, whence it is natural to infer, that it was not then in existence; but as the church of the Holy Trinity was appropriated to the use of the prior and convent, this edifice was most probably erected for the parishioners.

In this parish, on the site of Trinity priory, a spacious brick mansion, called Christ’s church, was erected, and surrounded with a pale, by Sir Edmund Withipol, whose only child was married to Leicester, Lord Viscount Hereford. His successor sold the estate to Claude Fonnereau, esq. in whose descendant, the Rev. Mr. Fonnereau, it is at present vested. That gentleman, with a liberality not very common, allows free access to this park, which is a most agreeable promenade, to the inhabitants of this town.

St. Mary at Elms is one of the four churches dedicated to that saint, now standing in Ipswich, though in Domesday Book only one is mentioned, which is conjectured to be St. Alary at Tower. St. Mary at Elms probably succeeded the dilapidated church of St. Saviour, and is thought to have been built on the site of that edifice. It was given to Trinity priory by Alan, the son of Edgar Aleto, and his son Richard; but there seems to have been no grant of the impropriation since the dissolution of that monastery.

Opposite to the church of St. Mary at Elms, is an alms-house for twelve poor women, erected about fifty years ago, in pursuance of the will of Mrs. Ann Smyth, who left 5000l. for this charitable purpose.

St. Mary at Kay was impropriated to the priory of St. Peter, and all the tithes belonging to it were granted 7 Edward VI. to Webb and Breton. The church must have been built since 1448, when Richard Gowty was a considerable benefactor to it; for by his will, made in that year, he ordered his body to be interred in the church-yard of St. Mary at the Kay, and gave Calyon stone for the whole new church, which was to be erected in that church-yard.

In this parish, northward of the church, was a house of Black Friars, Dominicans, commonly called Preachers, who settled here in the latter end of the reign of Henry III. The extensive site of this convent was granted 33 Henry VIII. to William Sabyne, but afterwards purchased by the corporation, with the design of founding in it an hospital for the relief and maintenance of aged persons and children, for the curing of the sick poor, and for the employment of the vicious and idle. It was confirmed to them by charter in 1572, by the appellation of Christ’s Hospital, and was at first supported by annual subscriptions; but afterwards the corporation made an order, that every freeman, on being admitted to his freedom, should pay a certain sum towards its support.

Part of this edifice is now occupied as an hospital for poor boys, in which they are maintained, clothed, and educated. Their number in 1689, as Kirby informs us, was only twelve; but about the middle of last century there were sometimes double that number, in consequence of a donation of 60l. per annum left by the will of Nicholas Philips, esq., a portman of this town, "towards the learning and teaching poor children, providing books, ink, paper, and convenient apparel, binding them out apprentices, and for the providing of flax, hemp, wool, or such other needful things, as well for the setting such poor children to work as for the help of them; and also for the providing bedding convenient and necessary for such children, and also a convenient house for such children to be taught in. "

Another portion of the monastery was till within these few years used as a hall, in which the quarter- sessions for the Ipswich division were held, and a Bridewell for offenders within the limits of the corporation. Here is also a spacious room, now the town library, the keys of which are kept by the bailiffs and the master of the grammar-school, and out of which every freeman has a right to take any of the books, on giving a proper receipt.

The cloisters are still entire, and in the spacious refectory on the south side is now held the Free Grammar-school. It was not kept here till the time of James I., though the town had a grammar-school as early as 1477, when it was under the direction of the Bishop of Norwich. In 1482 Richard Felaw, who had been eight times bailiff, and twice member of parliament for Ipswich, gave the produce of some lands and houses to this institution, and also a house for the master’s residence; but these possessions were alienated 20 Henry VIII, at the request of Cardinal Wolsey, and given to his new college in this town. His short-lived institution was evidently the cause of the charter afterwards granted by King Henry for the present foundation. This charter was renewed and confirmed by Queen Elizabeth, who authorized the corporation to deduct annually from the fee-farm payable by this borough, the sum of 24l. 6s. 8d. for the master’s salary, and 14l. 6s. 8d. for that of the usher, to which some additions have since been made. The nomination of both is vested in the corporation, which is empowered to make such rules as it may think fit for the regulation and government of the school. In 1598 Mr. William Smart, one of the portmen of Ipswich, conveyed a farm at Wiverstone, then of the clear yearly value of 19l. to Pembroke-hall, Cambridge, for the maintenance of one fellow and two scholars from this school, who are to he called after his name. In 1601 Mr. Ralph Scrivener; who married Mr. Smart’s widow, at her request settled on the same college an annuity of 21l. for the erection of four new scholarships, to be filled out of the free grammar-school at Ipswich.

Another considerable part of the buildings once belonging to the monastery of the Black Friars, is now occupied by the poor on Tooley’s foundation. This benevolent institution, established in 1551 by Mr. Henry Tooley, a portman of Ipswich, and confirmed by a charter of Philip and Mary, was originally intended for the relief of ten poor persons only, who were unfeignedly lame by reason of the king’s wars, or otherwise, or such as could not procure a subsistence: the numbers, however, have since been considerably increased.

On the quay, which borders the Orwell, stands the Custom-house of this port, a commodious brick building; in an unfrequented apartment contiguous to which is still preserved the ducking-stool, a venerable relic of ancient customs.

A malt-kiln on the quay, formerly known by the name of the Angel, was in ancient times a house of Cistertian monks. From the remains it appears to have been about 81 feet by 21.

Sr. Mary at Stoke was given, as we are informed in the Domesday survey, by King Edgar to the prior and convent of Ely. This grant, made about 970, was executed with great solemnity, as appears from the words of the deed itself: Ego Eadgarus, &c. Basilevs non clam in angulo, sed palam, sub dio subscripsi; and it was attested by his queen, St. Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury, and many of the principal officers and nobles. The gift included the hamlet, which takes in part of the parish of Sproughton, together with the advowson of the rectory and the manor of Stoke-hall, or, as it is at present called, Stoke-park. It is now vested in the Dean and Chapter of Ely.

In this parish is the manor of Godlesford, now denominated Gusford-hall, which, with its appurtenances in Godlesford, Belsted Parva, and Wherstead, was granted 32 Henry VIII. to Sir John Ravensworth, as parcel of the possessions of the priory of Canon’s Leigh, Devonshire. In a perambulation in 26 Edward III. this house is described as belonging to Robert Andrews, whose family seems to have been long settled here; for in 13 Henry VIII. it is denominated "the gate some-time of old Robert Andrews, now of Sir Andrews Windsor," who took his Christian name from that family, and was afterwards created Lord Windsor.

St. Mary at Tower was given by Norman, the son of Eadnorth, to Trinity priory. The, tower of this church, which was blown down in the great storm, February 18, 1661, was adorned with a handsome spire; and Mr. William Edgar, of Ipswich, left by will 200l. towards erecting another; but owing, to some misunderstanding among, the persons entrusted with the management of this business, the money was thrown into chancery, and the object of the testator was never carried into execution.

In Upper Brook-street, in this parish, is the house of the Archdeacon of Suffolk, sometimes called the Archdeacon’s Place, or Palace. The original edifice; of which the outer wall and gates seem to have fanned a part, was erected in 1471, by William Pykenham, Archdeacon of Suffolk, and principal official, or chancellor of Norwich, the initials of whose name are still upon the gateway.

St. Matthew’s has always been termed a rectory, and the incumbent is instituted into it as such; but the great tithes, formerly impropriated to St. Peter’s priory, were granted 7 Edward VI. to Webb and Breton, and now belonging to the family of Fonnereau. The crown did not obtain the advowson by the dissolution of the priory, having always presented anterior to that event.

This parish once contained four churches or chapels, long since demolished or disused: these were, All Saints, St. George’s, St. Mildred’s, and St. Mary’s. The site of All Saints cannot now be ascertained; but so much is known, that it was consolidated with St. Matthew’s before 1383, when Thomas Moonie was instituted into that church, with the chapel of All Saints annexed.

St. George’s chapel was used for divine service so late as the middle of the sixteenth century, when Mr. Bilney, who suffered martyrdom, was there apprehended as he was preaching in favour of the Reformation. Considerable remains of this edifice are yet left, but it is now converted into a barn.

St. Mildred’s church, once parochial, and impropriated to St. Peter’s priory, is one of the most ancient buildings in Ipswich. The principal part of this has lately been taken down. Part of it had been converted into a Town-hall, under which were three rooms used as warehouses. Contiguous to the hall was a spacious council-chamber, below which were the kitchens formerly used at the feasts of the merchants and other guilds, since occupied as workshops, and supposed to have been rebuilt, or thoroughly repaired, on the restoration of Charles II. Grose says, that the brick building at the end of the hall, in the upper part of which the records of the corporation were kept, appeared to have been erected about the year 1449. The prior and convent of the Holy Trinity, in 1393, granted to the burgesses of Ipswich a piece of ground in the parish of St. Mildred, twenty-four feet long, and eighteen wide, the north end abutting on the Cornhill. On this ground, as we are told, the edifice in question was erected; and there is an order made at a great court, 26 Henry VI. that all the profits of escheator and justice of the peace should be applied towards the expence of the building at the end of the hall of pleas. If this information be correct, the structure in question must be one of the oldest brick buildings in the kingdom, as the date assigned to its erection is earlier by some years than the period usually considered as the aera of the introduction of that material.

St. Mary’s chapel, commonly called Our Lady of Grace, is said to have stood at the north-west corner of the lane without the west-gate, which to this day goes by the name of Lady-lane, opposite to the George Inn. This chapel was very famous for an image of the Blessed Virgin, which, in Catholic times, had numerous visitors, and to which, in old wills, many pilgrimages were ordered to be made. In the third part of the homily against peril of idolatry, this image is mentioned, together with our Lady of Walsingham, and our Lady of Wilsdon, by the style of Our Lady of Ipswich. This venerated image, however, shared the fate of other relics of superstition of the same kind, being conveyed to London, and there publicly burned. The site of the chapel is now covered with buildings.

The alms-houses in Lady-lane were erected by Mr. Daundy, who by his will, bearing date 1515, gave wood to each of his alms-houses, beside Our Lady of Grace."

The church of St. Nicholas was impropriated to St. Peter’s priory, on the dissolution of which the impropriation was granted to Webb and Breton. It is notmentioned in Domesday, and might probably have been erected to supply the place of the dilapidated church of St. Michael, which is said in that record to have had eight acres of land, and is conjectured to have stood not far from the spot occupied by this edifice.

In this parish, on the south side of the passage leading from St. Nicholas-street to the church-yard, stands the house in which tradition reports that Cardinal Wolsey was born. The front has been rebuilt, but the back and out-houses, says Mr. Gough, have marks of antiquity. The cardinal’s father, in his will, bequeathed 6s. 8d. to the high altar of St. Nicholas, and 40s. to the painting of the archangel there.

Westward to the church of St. Nicholas, and on the bank of the Gipping, stood a convent of Franciscan Grey Friars Minors, founded in the reign of Edward I. by Lord Tibetot, or Tiptot, of Nettlestead, who, with many of his family, was buried in the church belonging to this house. A small portion of this edifice, containing some of the lower range of windows, and part of the exterior wall, are yet to be seen in a gardener’s ground which now occupies its site.

Another convent of White Friars Carmelites stood partly in this parish, and partly in that of St. Laurence. It was founded about the year 1279, by Sir Thomas Loudham, and other benefactors; and at the dissolution was granted to John Eger. It was of considerable extent, reaching from St. Nicholas-street to St. Stephen’s-lane. Part of it was standing in the early part of the last century, and served as a gaol for the county, before the latter agreed with the corporation for the common use of their gaol by the West-gate. Of this house, which produced many persons eminent for their learning, no remains are now left.

St. Peter’s had, as appears from Domesday Book, large possessions in the time of Edward the Confessor. It was afterwards impropriated to the priory of St. Peter and St. Paul, which stood contiguous to the church-yard, and was founded in the reign of Henry II. by Thomas Lacy, and Alice his wife, for Black Canons of the order of St. Augustine. This house was suppressed in 1527 by Cardinal Wolsey, who, willing to bestow some marks of regard on the place of his nativity, as well as desirous of erecting there a lasting monument of his greatness, resolved to build and endow a college and grammar-school, to serve as a nursery for bis new college at Oxford.

In St. Peter’s parish stood the mansion granted in the reign of Edward VI. to the Bishop of Norwich, by the appellation of Lord Curson’s House. It was afterwards called the King’s Hospital, having been applied to that purpose for seamen during the Dutch wars. The strong and stately brick porch belonging to this edifice, was demolished in 1760; it was subsequently known as the Elephant and Castle, and is now a malt-kiln. By a statute enacted 26 Henry VIII. Ipswich was appointed for the seat of a suffragan bishop; and the common notion is, that this house was intended for his residence. Thomas Manning, prior of Butley, consecrated by Archbishop Cranmer in 1525, was the first and last suffragan bishop of Ipswich; after whose decease, as it is supposed, this mansion was granted to the Bishop of Norwich.

In the suburbs beyond the river, stood the church of St. Austin, near the green of the same name. It is often called a chapel; but in the time of the Conqueror it possessed eleven acres of land, and procurations were paid for it by the prior of St. Peter’s; so that it was parochial, and probably impropriated to that priory: it was in use in 1482. All the houses and land on the south side of the Orwell, at present forming part of St. Peter’s parish, are supposed to have once belonged to that of St. Austin. Not far from this church, and probably opposite to it, stood St. Leonard’s Hospital, now a farm-house belonging to Christ’s Hospital in this town.

St. Stephen’s is a rectory, the presentation to which devolved, with the Christ-church estate, to the family of Fonnereau. An Unitarian chapel, in St. Nicholas- street, is adorned about the pulpit with some elegant carving. The Anabaptists have a chapel at Stoke; and a handsome stone bridge connects the town of Ipswich with its Suburb, Stoke hamlet.

In Brook-street, in this parish, was a mansion belonging to Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, on the spot where now stands the Coach and Horses inn. Some remains of an older building may still be traced on the walls forming the back part of the present house.

The Tankard public-home, next door to the Coach and Horses, formed part of the residence of Sir Anthony Wingfield, knight of the garter, vice-chamberlain, privy-counsellor, and one of the executors of Henry VIII. Some curious remains of the decorations of this ancient edifice still exist, particularly in a room on the ground-floor, the oak wainscot of which; curiously carved in festoons of flowers, formerly gilt, is how painted blue and white. Here the arms of Wingfield are yet to be seen; the ceiling is of groined work; and over the fire-place is a basso-relievo in plaster, coloured, which uninterrupted tradition referred, till a few years since, to the battle of Bosworth; This interpretation is adopted by Mr. Gough, who describes it as exhibiting "Leicester town in one corner; several warriors in the middle; Sir Charles William Brandon, who is supposed to have lived here, father to Charles Brandon Duke of Suffolk, and standard-bearer to the Earl of Richmond, lies dead by his horse, and on the other side the standard: at a distance seems to be the earl, with the crown placed on his head by Sir William Stanley; in another is Leicester-abbey, the abbot coming out of the porch to compliment the earl. "But as an instance how far conjecture may be carried, a recent writer supposes this relievo to be a delineation of the Judgment of Paris!

Another part of the mansion of the Wingfields having successively served as a popish chapel for Judge Wilton, in the reign of James II., and a dancing- school, has since been converted into a Theatre.

Ipswich enjoys the honour of having first witnessed and acknowledged the inimitable powers of David Garrick, who, under the assumed name of Lyddal, is said to have made his first dramatic essay on this stage about 1739, in Dunstal's company from London, in the part of Dick, in the Lying Valet.

Besides the churches already mentioned, Ipswich had formerly one dedicated to St. Gregory, and impropriated to Woodbridge priory: but nothing farther is known concerning it. Mention is also made of the church of Osterbolt, as being antiquated so early as 21 Edward III. It is conjectured to have stood near the East-gate, and to have derived its appellation from that circumstance; and as St. Clement’s is not named in Domesday, it might probably have been erected instead of this dilapidated church of Osterbolt.

Ipswich has a spacious market-place for corn only, now called the Corn-hill, in the centre of which was a handsome cross, with commodious shambles, first built by Mr. Edmund Daundy, in 1510, though the vulgar notion ascribes their erection to Cardinal Wolsey. In 1812 it was deemed necessary, in furtherance of the improvements that were then taking place in the town, to pull down the Market-cross, which was effected with great difficulty, as the timber and every part of it were in the most excellent preservation.

The market, prior to 1810, was held in the narrow street called the Butter-market, running parallel to Tower-street, which being found inconvenient, it was removed.

In 1810 five public-spirited gentlemen of this town undertook to erect a new market at their joint expence, which was completed in November, 1811. This is at no great distance from the old Butter-market.

The County Gaol here has been erected with such attention to the health and morals of the prisoners, as to call forth the warmest approbation from the late Mr. Nield, many years the coadjutant with the late Dr. Lettsom:

The House of Correction stands in an airy situation near the borough gaol, and is surrounded by a wall seventeen feet high. It contains three court-yards, each fifty feet by thirty, and has a chapel in the keeper's house.

The Town and Borough Gaol is situated in St. Matthew's-street, and is both handsome and commodions. The prisoners here employ themselves in spinning, making garters, cutting skewers, and such like operations, and receive the full amount of their earnings.

"Among the benevolent institutions of this town are three charity-schools, in two of which are severity boys, and in the third, forty girls. Besides these, it has a school on the plan of Mr. Lancaster, opened July 8, 1811, with 200 boys.

An excellent charity, for the relief and support of the widows and orphans of poor clergymen in the, county, was begun here in 1704, by the voluntary subscriptions of a few gentleman of Ipswich and Woodbridge, and their vicinity; an institution which has since been imminently successful in effecting the laudable purpose for which it was designed.

A Small distance from the town, on the Woodbridge road, some extensive barracks were erected for infantry and cavalry, but since the peace they have been taken down. Towards Nacton is the race-course, forming part of an extensive common, which being the property of the corporation, was sold in 1811 to several private individuals; so that the sports of the turf will probably soon be supplanted by more beneficial pursuits. Ipswich lias ‘ six annual fairs. This town was formerly famous for its manufactures of broad cloth, and the best canvas for sail cloth, called Ipswich double. While those manufactures continued to flourish, it had several companies of traders incorporated by charter, as clothiers, merchant-taylors, merchant-adventurers, and others. About the middle of the seventeenth century the woollen trade began to decline here and gradually dwindled entirely away. Its loss was so severely felt for a long time, that Ipswich acquired the character of being "a town without people." Favourably seated for commercial speculations, it has at length recovered this shock, and is now rapidly increasing in consequence and population. Its principal traffic at present is in malting and corn, the exportation of which by sea is facilitated by the estuary of the Orwell, navigable for light vessels up to the town itself, while those of greater burden are obliged to bring to at Downham Reach, three or four miles lower down. This port is almost dry at ebb; but the returning tide, generally rising about twelve feet, converts it into a magnificent sheet of water. Here are two yards employed in ship-building; and though the number of vessels belonging to Ipswich is said to have declined from the decrease of the coal-trade, yet more than thirty thousand chaldrons are annually imported into this town.

Adjoining to this town is the fine seat and park of the Rev. Dr. Fonnereau: the house is built in the ancient taste, but is very commodious; it is called Christchurch, and was a priory, or religious house, in former times. The green and park are a great addition to the pleasantness of the town, the inhabitants being allowed to divert themselves there with walking, bowling, &c. In this park are some of the most beautiful deer in the kingdom; they are of a fine white colour, spotted with black, like harlequin dogs, with bald faces; these, intermixed with fallow deer, make a fine variety in the park.

Thomas Wolsey, a man who, by the force of distinguished abilities, and a happy concurrence of circumstances, raised himself from a low condition to the highest offices in the church and state, was born of mean parentage at Ipswich, in the year 1471. He had his education at the grammar-school at his native place, and at Magdalen college, in Oxford. He had begun to make a figure in the court of King Henry the Seventh, towards the latter end of that prince's reign; but his first introduction to the court of King Henry the Eighth was owing to the recommendation of Fox, Bishop of Winchester, who hoped he would prove a rival to the Earl of Surrey, who had eclipsed that prelate in the king's good graces; and in one sense, indeed, he was not disappointed. Wolsey soon acquired such an ascendancy over the king, that he supplanted both Surrey in his favour and Fox in his trust and confidence. From this time forward, he rose by rapid steps, first to be the king’s chief favourite, and afterwards to be his sole and absolute minister: he was made, bishop of Tournay, in Flanders, (which place the king had lately taken), cardinal of the holy Roman empire, by the title of cardinal of St. Cecile beyond the Tyber, bishop of Winchester, archbishop of York, and lord high chancellor of England. The revenue of these, and of other places which he held, was equal, it is said, to that of the king, and he spent it in a no less royal manner. His train consisted of eight hundred servants, many of whom were knights and gentlemen: some even of the nobility put their children into his family as a place of education; and, in order to ingratiate them the more with their patron, allowed them to bear offices as his servants. He built the palace of Hampton-court, and that of York-place, in Westminster, which was afterwards converted into a royal palace, under the title of Whitehall. He was likewise a generous encourager of learning; and by the public lectures, and the college of Christ-church, which he founded in Oxford, he contributed to promote every species of erudition. Not yet satisfied, however, with the high rank to which he had attained, he aspired at a still higher: he stood twice candidate for the papal throne, but miscarried in both his attempts, chiefly through the secret opposition of the Emperor Charles the Fifth, who had, nevertheless, promised to support his pretensions. Provoked at this disingenuous behaviour, Wolsey resolved to be revenged upon the emperor; and with this view he promoted the divorce between his master and his consort, Catherine, who was sister to his Imperial majesty. This affair, however, proved the cause, or at least the occasion of Wolsey’s own downfall. He incurred by it at once the resentment of the king, of Anne Boleyn, and of the queen: of the two first, for not having effected the divorce with sufficient expedition; of the last, for having prosecuted it with so much spirit; and thus, overwhelmed with an insupportable load of royal displeasure, and being at the same time undermined by the intrigues of his enemies, he was suddenly stript of all his employments and possessions, was banished from court, and arrested for high treason. Stunned with the violent blow he had already received, and dreading the still farther effects of the malice of his enemies, he was seized with a disorder, which turned to a dysentery, and put a period to his life at Leicester-abbey, on the 28th day of November, 1530, in the sixtieth year of his age, and was buried in the chancel of that abbey.

Cardinal Wolsey, as to his person, was strongly made, tall, large-boned, and of a majestic presence; his face was rather comely, but physiognomists pretend to say it was stamped with the legible indications of pride. His character has been maliciously attacked by some, and as weakly defended by others; yet undoubtedly the known violence of Henry the Eighth’s temper, may alleviate much of the blame which some of his favourite’s measures have undergone; and when we consider that the subsequent part of that monarch’s reign was much more unfortunate and criminal than that which was directed by the cardinal’s counsels, we shall be inclined to suspect those historians of partiality, who have endeavoured to load his memory with such virulent reproaches.

To the above account of this distinguished personage, we shall subjoin the following soliloquy from Shakspeare’s play of Henry the Eighth, which is made by Wolsey, after being informed of his disgrace by the Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk:

"Farewell, a long farewell to all my greatness!

This is the state of man: to-day he puts forth,

The tender leaves of hope, to-morrow blossoms,

And bears his blushing honours thick upon him;

The third day comes a frost, a killing frost,

And when he thinks, good easy man! full surely

His greatness is a ripening, nips his root,

And then he falls as I do. I have ventur’d,

Like little wanton boys that swim on bladders,

This many summers on a sea of glory,

But far beyond my depth: my high-blown pride

At length broke under me, and now has left me,

Weary, and old with service, to the mercy

Of a rude stream, that must for ever hide me.

Vain pomp, and glory of the world, I hate ye!

I feel my heart new-open’d. O how wretched

Is that poor man that hangs on princes' favours.

There is betwixt that smile we would aspire to,

That sweet aspect of princes, and their ruin,

More pangs and fears than wars or women have;

And when he falls, he falls like Lucifer,

Never to hope again."

In the same play, where he gives his advice to Cromwell relative to his future conduct, he concludes with the following remarkable passage, which is said to be nearly the same as the last words that he spoke before his death:

"O Cromwell, Cromwell,

Had I but serv’d my God with half the zeal

I serv’d my king, he would not in my age

Have left me naked to mine enemies."

---

IPSWICH is a seaport, municipal, parliamentary and county borough and the capital of East Suffolk, situated principally upon an easy acclivity rising from the north side of a semicircular reach of the river Orwell, about 12 miles from the sea; it is the largest market town in Suffolk, as well as its chief port, and for parliamentary purposes is now a polling place and place of election for the South Eastern division of the county; it is also the head of a union, county court district and rural deanery, in Woodbridge petty sessional division, and is in the rural deanery of Ipswich, archdeaconry of Suffolk and diocese of Norwich, with a station on the Great Eastern railway, and is 68 miles from London, 39 from Chelmsford, 17 from Colchester, 19 ½ north-west from Harwich (by river 12), 9 north-east from Manningtree, 12 ½ east from Hadleigh (by road 10), 12 south-by-east from Stowmarket, 26 south-east from Bury, 40 south-east from Newmarket, 54 ½ from Cambridge, 26 from Diss, 45 ½ from Norwich, 53 from Yarmouth, 49 from Lowestoft, 8 south-west from Woodbridge (10 by rail) and 24 south-west from Framlingham.

The East Suffolk line of the Great Eastern railway from Yarmouth joins the Eastern Union at Ipswich, the station being immediately contiguous to the town on the south. A branch railway has been opened to Felixstowe, with a station at Derby road, east of the town, and a junction at Westerfield station, on the north, thus britiging Ipswich into easy connection with that favourite bathing-place.

The river Orwell takes a south-easterly course from Ipswich and flows into the German Ocean between the borough of Harwich on the south and Landguard Fort upon the north. The scenery along the river banks, lined on either side by the grounds and parks attached to the seats of the local gentry, is exceedingly beautiful, especially when the whole width of the river bed, at some points half a mile wide, is completely covered by the tide: steamboats ply daily between Ipswich, Felixstowe and Harwich (winter and summer services). At the most northerly point of the reach the river is crossed by an iron bridge, erected in 1819 and connecting the town with the hamlet or suburb of Stoke: above this bridge the river is called the Gipping, the channel taking a north-westerly direction as far as Stowmarket, to which place it is navigable by barges.

Until the commencement of the present century the conservancy of the river remained in the hands of the Corporation of Ipswich, who, although they levied coal, salt, anchorage and groundage dues, so neglected it that the navigation of the upper reaches had become intricate and well nigh impossible. The merchants, dissatisfied with this state of things, in 1805 obtained an Act vesting the conservancy in a Public River Commission. This Act authorized the borrowing of £8,000, which was repaid in 1830, when the commissioners ceased to impose any rates but tonnage dues, having considerably improved the river and made an important cut at Hog Highland Cliff Reach.

In 1837 the commissioners applied for power to make a wet dock, so as to take in vessels of from 200 to 300 tons register and thus adapt the port to foreign trade. The dock, completed in 1842, and constructed from designs of the late Mr. H. R. Palmer C.E. was formed by banking up a convenient bend in the river near the town wharfs, giving an area of 33 acres and surrounding it with embanked quays and roads, a new side channel from 100 to 125 feet in width being constructed at the side to take off the waters of the river Gipping. Admission to the dock from this side channel is by an entrance lock 140 feet in length by 45 feet in width. The scheme included a new Paving and Lighting Act for the town, the Paving Commissioners being anxious to hand over to the Dock Commissioners dues hitherto levied by them upon all coal brought within the town, but which they had found considerable trouble in securing. In return for this duty the Dock Commissioners had to discharge the bonded debt of the Paving Commissioners and to pay the expenses of both Acts of Parliament. Under the Ipswich Dock Act of 1837 and two subsequent Acts, £110,000 was borrowed and expended in the construction of the works, the security for the loans being the coal and tonnage duties.

The works, which besides the usual dock quays and conveniences, comprise public roads and ornamental avenues planted for the health and recreation of the inhabitants, have been from time to time considerably improved, and the river extensively dredged and deepened, new cuts being made to avoid several of the more tortuous natural channels; and the scour of the river has also been improved by the filling up in some cases of the disused channels. In 1852 the commissioners were incorporated and their powers consolidated.

In 1877 the change of trade from the old class of sailing vessels to large steam ships of great length and narrow beam, rendered the first lock entrance insufficient, and the-commissioners accordingly obtained powers to construct a new lock entrance and public warehouses and other works, and to raise an additional sum of £80,000. The first portion of the work, the new lock entrance and public warehouse accommodation, were completed at a cost of £58,000.

These works comprise an entrance lock 300 feet between the gates and 50 feet wide, with a depth upon the sill of 32 ½ feet at high water of spring tides; exceptional difficulties were met with, but the undertaking was eventually completed in June, 1881: an approach from the river to the lock of more than a mile in length has been dredged to a depth of 22 feet at spring tides; the dock itself has also been deepened several feet from the new entrance upwards, so as to give 20 feet at neap tides and the largest vessels may now be moored within working distance of the quays.

The commissioners have also provided heavy screw moorings and iron buoys in Pin Mill reach, with 22 feet of water at low water spring tides.

From the 3rd Richard II. the town of Ipswich claimed that the port of the town extended from the said town to the St. Andrew’s, or Polleshead Sands, outside Harwich harbour, and Admiralty jurisdiction was conferred by the charter of 3rd Edward IV. This was ratified by a charter of 10th Henry VIII. which to remove all ambiguities and doubts declared the said port and the water into Pollesheoed, otherwise Polleshead, and also the land and soil hereof to be within the liberty and franchise of the town, and by warrant of 32 Charles II. it was limited to an imaginary line drawn across the river from Levington Creek: in 1878 the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury extended the Customs jurisdiction to correspond with the jurisdiction of the Commissioners, and declared the limits of the port beginning at a supposed straight line drawn between Shotley Point on the west side of the river Orwell and Fagborough Head on the east side, being the boundary limit in the said river of the port of Harwich; this limit to continue up the river and to include both sides thereof, to a certain lock called “Handford lock,” in the town of Ipswich, together with docks, basins, quays and wharves in the said town, and also including all other rivers, creeks and harbours within the aforesaid limits: and further that the seaboard limits of the said Port of Ipswich shall commence at the point of land called “the Platters” on the north-east side of Landguard Fort, and rather more than a mile to the eastward of the said fort (that being the north-eastern seaboard limit of the Port of Harwich), and to continue thence in a northerly direction along the coast of Suffolk, to a place called “Thorpe Ness” (being the southern limit of the Port of Lowestoft), extending seaward from low-water mark within the said seaboard limits to a distance of 3 miles; fishing boats and their implements to be distinguished by the letters IH.

The income of the commissioners is about £17,000 a year: under the General Act the expenditure is solely confined to the payment of interest on the loans and establishment expenses; the surplus, whatever it may be, is devoted to the dredging and improvement of the river; under the Act of 1877, the commissioners are compelled to repay their last loan within 80 years, and the surplus revenue acquired under this Act is accordingly assigned toward that object; up to the present time (1900) the requisite instalments of principal and interest have been regularly paid, and the commissioners have also managed to reduce the import and export rates on goods.

Trade of the Port of Ipswich.-During the year 1898 the number of vessels entering the port, with cargoes from Foreign ports and British Possessions, was British, 107 of 30,878 tons; Foreign, 62 of 18,117 tons; while 21 British ships of 2,722 tons and 12 Foreign of 2,331 tonnage cleared outwards. With regard to the countries from which foreign imports come, they are principally from Russia, Norway and Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Holland, Belgium, America, France and Spain, Cyprus, Egypt, Morocco, also from the Channel Islands. During 1898, 2 British vessels, representing 940 tons, entered in ballast, and the number cleared was 8 British, 3,197 tons and 17 Foreign of 4,428 tonnage. The statistics of the coasting trade show that in 1898, 2,268 vessels of which 411 were steamers, were engaged in the trade inwards, their aggregate capacity being 153,031 tons. The coasting trade outwards employed 1,161 vessels of 72,659 tons; the steamers numbering 333, of 25,962 tons. Of vessels outward bound in ballast there were 26 sailing, representing 6,874 tons and 7 steam of 1,338 tonnage, 3 steam vessels entered of 614 tons. The number of vessels registered at the port under part 1 of the “Merchant Shipping Act, 1894,” on December 31st, 1898 was-sailing, 113, 6,713 tons; steam, 13, with 1,005 tons.

The number of fishing boats registered under the Part IV. of the “Merchant Shipping Act, 1894,” was 56, with a tonnage of 455, giving employment to 190 men and boys.

The imports comprise all kinds of grain, oil seeds, oilcake, iron and the unmanufactured products for artificias manure, phosphate of lime, timber, salt, slate, stone, sugar, cheese, &c.; the exports consisting of agricultural implements, railway plant, artificial manures, oils and oil-cake, bricks, corn, roots, flour &e.

The value of the imports of foreign and colonial merchandise in 1898 was £331,538, and the customs revenue £84,965, the exports amounted to £46,909.

Ipswich affords many pleasant rural walks in the immediate vicinity, and the scenery, if not striking, is undulating and agreeably diversified. The streets of the town are mostly ancient, but great improvements in their appearance have been made in recent times, especially to the east; but the best modern houses are found along and in the neighbourhood of the Henley road, on the rising ground to the north, and on the Belstead road, which traverses a corresponding ridge on the south side of the town: half a century ago the population was little more than one-fourth of what it is at present; the streets are lighted with gas, by a company formed in 1820, for whom works were constructed in St. Clement’s, at a cost of £14,000; since that period the capital has been increased to £124,000, and the works have been greatly enlarged and improved to meet the growing requirements of the town: and new offices were erected in Carr st. in 1892: automatic meters, introduced in 1894, are extensively used and in 1895 the majority of the lamps were fitted with incandescent burners. The town is well supplied with excellent spring water from an artesian well and other sources. A high-level reservoir was constructed from the designs of Mr. Thomas Miller C.E. in 1883, near the old one at the back of Christchurch Park. The reservoir is 143 ft. in length by 113ft. broad, with a depth of nearly 10ft. so as to give a capacity of 1,000,000 gallons: these works were purchased by the Corporation in 1892 at a cost of £230,000, since which time considerable extensions and alterations have been made.

The drainage of the town is effected by a main sewer miles in length, constructed in 1880—81, intercepting the smaller sewers which had for many years emptied their out-flow into the river Orwell at various points: the sewage is now discharged into the tidal river by means of extensive outfall works, at a point about 1 ½ miles from the town: the outlet is closed at high tide, and storage has been provided for sewage and storm water to the extent of six million gallons: the cost of the sewer and works, carried out under the direction of Mr. Peter Bruff C.E. consulting engineer to the Ipswich Corporation, was between £50,000 and £60,000.

Tramways were introduced into the town in 1880, the first section, from the railway station to Cornhill, being opened in October in that year; the line has since been extended through Westgate and St. Matthew’s streets and along Norwich road as far as Brook’s hall, and a line was opened in 1884 from Cornhill to the Derby Road station of the Felixstowe railway, in the district of St. John's or California: the system employed is that known as “Kerr's," the whole being worked by the Ipswich Tramway Company.

Ipswich, anciently called “Gippeswic,” from Its position on the river Gipping, was a town in the Saxon era, and suffered from the inroads of the Danes. Money was coined here as early as 946 A.D. The inhabitants purchased their freedom from Richard I, and obtained their first charter from King John. The Corporation, acting also as the Urban Sanitary Authority, now consists of a mayor, ten aldermen and thirty town councillors. The town is divided into five wards:-St. Clemenrt’s Ward, St. Margaret’s Ward, Middle Ward, Bridge Ward and Westgate Ward; each ward returning six councillors for three years, two going out of office every year. The borough has a Commission of the Peace and a separate court of Quarter Sessions, and returns two members to Parliament, the municipal and parliamentary boroughs being co-extensive: under the “Local Government Act, 1888” (51 & 52 Vict. c. 41), the town was declared a “county borough” for certain purposes of that Act.

The church of St. Clement is a good building of flint, chiefly in the Perpendicular style, very much spoiled by additions and alterations, a defect remedied to a certain extent during 1891: it consists of chancel, nave, aisles and a tower of flint and brick, partly Decorated and partly Perpendicular, 76 feet 6 inches in height and containing 6 hells, all of the 17th century, the smallest of which styles itself “the Maidden’s bell:” a carillon machine, playing seven tunes on the existing six bells, and a public dock, were placed in the tower as a memorial to the late J. C. Cobbold esq. high steward, and member of Parliament for the borough, 1847—68: in 1883 a stained window was also erected to his memory; beneath it has been fixed a brass plate, on which is an inscription: the chancel, erected in 1860, is substantially and not inelegantly built, in the Decorated style: the nave has five Perpendicular pillars on either side, but its most striking feature is the clerestory, lighted by twelve two-light Perpendicular windows on the north and as many on the south: the nave roof is of modern timber work, with some open tracery-above the tie beams, and is panelled and plastered: the octagonal font is good Perpendicular, panelled and richly carved with alternate figures of seated angels and emblems of the Evangelists very boldly wrought, the whole being supported by lions at the angles: at the west end is fixed a very fine example of the royal arms in good preservation: in the Chancel are monuments to John Wright and his wife, d. 1677—83, John Ward, d. 1662, and to Rev. George Routh, a former rector, d. 1821: immediately below the chancel steps is a slab with brass figures of two females, a male figure and some shields having been taken away; two groups of children remain below with the date 1583 and the arms of the borough: adjoining this is the brass of William Cooke, d, 1667; the figures of his wife and children are gone: there are other monuments in the south aisle to the name of Hales, 1760, and in the north aisle to the families of Taafe, 1774, Hague, 1762, and Strahan, 1787: the church was reseated in 1891 with benches of English oak, the chancel repaired with white marble, new pulpit erected and heating apparatus fixed: in 1896 new clergy and choir vestries and an organ chamber were added: it now affords 450 sittings. The register dates from the year 1563. This benefice is a rectory, consolidated until 1873 with that of St. Helen, net yearly income £420, with residence, in the gift of the Church Patronage Society, and held since 1890 by the Rev. John Powell, of St. Alban Hall, Oxford, chaplain of H.M. Prison, Ipswich.

St. Helen’s is a small and now uninteresting church of flint, repeated restorations and additions having left scarcely anything whatever of the original fabric, yet it once had the reputation of bearing marks of greater antiquity than any other church in the town: it is first mentioned 9 Henry VIII. when the leper-house of St. Mary Magdalene and its revenues were annexed to the rectory: the church consists of a chancel, disproportionately wide nave and transepts, added in 1837 (some portion of the fabric having been rebuilt in 1835), south porch and a tower with an octagonal upper story and short spire, erected on the removal of the old tower in 1875, when extensive alterations took place; it contains 2 bells, one of early date, with a Latin invocation to the Virgin, and the other cast in 1621; the tower being too small to admit of their being rung, both these bells are immovably fixed to a beam placed across the tower, and are sounded by the destructive method called “nibbling”: the large west window of Perpendicular character was placed in 1875 to the memory of Charles Deane, by his widow: the material of the church is chiefly flint, with stone dressings, but some portions are of modern brick: the nave windows, of three lights, are good Perpendicular: the roof has moulded tie-beams, with carved bosses at the intersection of the rafters, and there is a spacious south porch, on the front of which remains an old sun-dial: in the church are a few monuments of interest, and among these appear the names of Dunkon, 1670; Hingeston, 1766; Canning, 1726—75; Phfilipson, 1792; Parish, 1753—97: in the churchyard are inscriptions to the names of Richmond, 1677, and Wallace, 1680: a large flat stone at the south-east end commemorates the Rev. Sir Hadley D’Oyly bart. d. 1764, a representative of a very ancient Norman family, and lords of Olgii or Oyly, in Normandy, long before the time of the Conquest: there are 650 sittings, of which 515 are free; but all sittings are free at the afternoon service. The register dates from the year 1677. The living is a rectory, separated from St. Clement’s in 1873, net yearly value £249, including 2 acres of glebe, with residence, in the gift of the Church Patronage Society, and held since 1877 by Rev. Edwin Oakley MA. of Durham University.

St. Lawrence’s is a lofty Perpendicular church of flint and brick, consisting of chancel, nave, west porch and a lofty western embattled tower 97 feet in height, with pinnacles at the angles, and containing 5 bells, all of which are of mediaeval date, and bear invocatory inscriptions in Old English characters, with floriated capitals: John Bottold, who died 1431, and is buried in the church, began it, and the work was afterwards continued by John Baldwin, draper, who built the chancel, and left his name in the stone work under the east window; he died in 1449: the nave is well lighted by large and good Perpendicular windows, with embattled transoms, and has a fairly good modern timber roof: the chancel roof is modern and plain to ugliness: the east window has rather singular tracery, the heads of the centre and two outside lights being Decorated and the other two quite of Perpendicular date; this window was some time since filled with stained glass by the late Mr. Frederick Fish, of this parish, mayor in 1882, in memory of his first wife: the organ, formerly in a gallery at the west end, has been enlarged and placed in a new organ chamber adjoining the chancel, built as a memorial to the late Rev. John Cobbold Aldrich MA. for more than 40 years incumbent of the parish: there are a considerable number of mural monuments and inscribed stones, most of the latter, however, being concealed by pews and carpeting; of these the names of Pemberton, 1718; Clyatt, 1691; Layton, 1685; Sparrowe, 1762—81; Parish, 1764—6; Colman, 1738; Borrough, 1695; Beaumont, 1679; Blomfield, 1694, are most worthy of mention, besides which are a number of more modern date: in the south wall of the chancel is a brass to John Moone, 1585, with a shield of arms, and below it, on the floor, his tombstone, with arms repeated; another brass is inscribed to Margery Daundy, 1618: the tower was restored and to a large extent rebuilt in 1882, at a cost of about £1,500; an endeavour being made to reproduce as far as possible its ancient form, as given in Ogilby’s map of 1674: the walls were faced externally with cut flints in cement, Ketton stone being used for the quoins of buttresses and Portland stone for the plinth, strinffcoursps and pierced parapet: the bells have been rehung on new oak framing: the work was carried out from a joint design by Mr. Frederick Barnes F.R.I.BA, and Mr. Howard Gaye: there are 320 sittings. The register dates from the year 1539. The living is a vicarage, net yearly value £180, including 12 acres of glebe, in the gift of the parishioners, and held since 1890 by the Rev. William Joseph Frazer Whelan D.D. of Trinity College, Dublin.

St. Margaret’s church, standing on the north side of the green to which it gives its name, is a large and ancient structure of flint and stone, in mixed styles, consisting of chancel, nave, aisles, transepts, south porch and a fine western embattled tower, with pinnacles at the angles, and containing a clock and 8 bells, 2 having been added in 1899 by subscription; the earlier bells were all cast by Miles Graye, and date variously from 1630 to 1653: the church appears to have been erected for the parishioners in lieu of Trinity, or Christ church, when this building, supposed to have been previously the parish church, was attached to the priory of Holy Trinity, some trifling remains of which still exist in the adjoining park. Trinity church stood near the present churchyard, and is mentioned in Domesday as being endowed, in the Conqueror's time, with 26 acres of land. The church of St. Margaret is not named in this record, so that it had not then been erected: the style of the existing church is decidedly Perpendicular, and the date of its erection may be generally referred to the beginning of the 15th century: the nave has five Decorated arches on each side, well proportioned, with moulded caps supporting an exceedingly fine timber roof of ten bays, which, though late, is very rich, and springs from corbels brought down between the clerestory windows, above the corbels being small figures of angels in niches somewhat mutilated: the clerestory windows are all uniform, each of three lights with trefoil heads, and tracery similar to that of the north transept window; this portion of the nave, in common with the porch and transepts, must be assigned to the 16th century: the exterior is highly embattled and richly ornamented, and furnishes a remarkable example of Late Perpendicular, towards the decline of the Gothic style: the aisles are partly Decorated and in part Perpendicular; the chancel arch, plain Perpendicular, is slightly enriched with alternating shields and crowns: the chancel itself is but small, and has a low truncated and plastered roof, comparing most unfavourably with that of the nave: the south porch is a good specimen of Perpendicular work in flint and stone panelling; the entrance has a drop arch, with a square head, the drip stone being supported by lions sejant; over this are three niches with crocketed canopies: in or about 1846, the church was entirely re-benched and other improvements effected; more recently, about 1870, the parishioners further restored the church at a cost of about £1,400, rebuilding the upper part of the tower with flint inlaid with stone in panels, and adding crocketed pinnacles, hardly dignified enough, at the angles. The antiquities of this church deserve some notice, although lapse of time has removed many features of interest, and among these the rood screen, a portion of which stood in front of the organ, and another portion, now destroyed, under a pew near the chancel: the rood loft door, however, is yet remaining: some wall paintings, chiefly texts and a representation of St. Christopher, were removed in 1870: there are now no perfect brasses extant, but a reived slab, on which has been the representation of a priest, lies on the floor: the disappearance of such relics may no doubt be largely attributed to the Parliamentary iconoclasts; for Dowsing, according to his journal, visited this church in 1643, and by virtue of a warrant from the Earl of Manchester, took down the twelve apostles in stone, and ordered the removal of 20 or 30 pictures: the mural monuments have suffered less disturbance; in the south transept are those of Lany, 1673; Edwin, 1761; and Reddrich, 1628: in the south aisle, Stanton, 1649; Greenleaf, 1634; and Phillips, 1746: north aisle, Edgar, Pooley and Poulter: in the north transept wall is the massive slab which once covered the tomb of Edmund Withipoll, thus inscribed:-“Edmundus Withipoll, A. Dni. 1574. Sibi et posteritati posuit. Mortui sine hoste he died in 1582: this, as appears from existing accounts, was moved hither from the chancel, which now retains only the decaying hatchments of the Fonnereaus; elsewhere are others to the families of Edgar and Phillips: there are 700 sittings. The register of baptisms and burials dates from 1538; marriages, 1539, the earliest register book being a large folio volume written on paper, and curiously repaired in 1844 by the Rev. George Murray, at that time incumbent. The living is a vicarage, net yearly value £300, including 40 acres of glebe, with residence, in the gift of Simeon’s trustees, and held since 1899 by the Rev. Arthur Blackwell Goulburn Lillingston MA. of Queens’ College, Cambridge.

St. Mfiry-at-the-Elms is a small, church of flint with stone dressings, consisting of chancel, nave, north aisle, south porch and a massive embattled western tower of red brick, 53 feet 6 inches in height, containing a clock and 5 bells, the earliest dated 1613, and the remaining four 1669: the arches separating the north aisle from the nave are small and of Late Perpendicular date; there is a good roof of the same date: the south door is an interesting example of the Norman period, and may have formed a portion of the ancient church of St. Saviour, near the site of which the present church is supposed to stand; the front of the porch still bears the remains of finely carved stone canopies, which some modern plasterer ruthlessly destroyed. This church was some years since stripped of the coat of plaster which had long covered it, and underwent a careful repair both inside and out: the interior has several monuments of interest; in the chancel is one to William Acton, 1616, with figures in high relief, and there are others to the names of Feddeman, 1653; Acton, Bloyse, Lynch and Burrill: the font is octagonal and entirely modern, but is handsomely carved: in 1883 the church was lengthened eastward, a new chancel being erected, and the old chancel added to the former nave, at a cost of £1,200, defrayed by the Rev. L. D. Kenyon-Stow, vicar 1883—94, under the direction of Mr. E. F. Bisshopp, architect, of Ipswich: there are 400 sittings. The register dates from the year 1554, and the earliest portion consists of a small quarto volume written on parchment, and in good condition. The living is a vicarage, net yearly value £100, including 46 acres of glebe, with residence, in the gift of the parishioners, and held since 1894 by the Rev. Adalbert Wilhelm Van Den Bergh ThA.K.C.L.

St. Mary-le-Tower, entirely rebuilt during the decade 1860—70, with the exception of the piers of the arcades, is an edifice of flint and Caen stone, in the Early Decorated style, situated in Tower street; but its position, which is below the street level and the immediately surrounding houses, entirely prevents it from being viewed to proper advantage. A probability exists that this church has been more than once renewed since the Saxon era, but whether the ancient Norman church was pulled down at the time when the Perpendicular nave, aisles and the late tower were erected, circa 1520, or whether there may have been an Early English church between that period and the later structure, cannot now be determined: the nave piers and arches are all that now remain of the 16th century, and of the 14th, the arches on the south side of the chancel: the present church comprises sanctuary, choir with aisles, nave, aisles, sacristy, south porch and a massive, though scarcely graceful, tower and spire 176 feet in height, containing a fine peal of 12 bells, of which the tenor weighs 30 cwt. and a clock chiming the hours and quarters: eight buttresses with heavy moulded bases, flank the angles, and run nearly up to the parapet; above these are elaborate pinnacles, beneath which project huge representations of the evangelistic symbols carved in stone: the interior is 124 feet 6 inches long by 61 wide, with a nave of lofty proportions, covered in with a fine oak roof, lighted above by 12 clerestory windows and divided below with arcades of six clustered columns and deeply moulded arches: very elaborately carved oak screens separate the choir from the nave and inclose it north and south: the old miserere seats have been refixed as stalls and richly carved benches added, the ends supporting figures of the Apostles and Evangelists with their proper emblems, and angels playing musical instruments, or in, other positions, on the arm-rests: the nave and aisles have also been re-benched in oak, special benches, with the crest of the borough carved in oak on the ends, being reserved for the use of the Corporation. The church contains a great deal of modern stained glass, of different degrees of merit: many of the windows are memorials, and two of these commemorate J. C. Cobbold esq. and his son, J. P. Cobbold esq. both of whom were formerly members for the borough; the latter window was erected by public subscription: a few monumental brasses remain in the choir and sacristy, one of which, to Robert Wmbyll (1506), is believed to be the earliest brass of a notary extant: the organ, placed in the north aisle, is a fine instrument, and has been entirely reconstructed at a cost of nearly £700: the font is a good example of rich Perpendicular work, and has an octagonal panelled basin, with a lion rampant on each panel and demi lions erect supporting the stem; it is well raised on ample steps, and is surmounted by a richly carved cover: the pulpit is a fine specimen of carving, after the manner of Grinling Gibbons, to whom it has been sometimes attributed; it has lately been very carefully restored and fixed upon a new base: the beautifully carved reredos of oak was erected in public recognition of the munificence of the late G. C. E. Bacon esq. at whose cost nearly the whole, work of the church’s restoration was carried out; and on the wall near the chancel arch is an inscribed brass recording these facts: in 1895—6 the panels of the reredos were enriched with paintings: in the churchyard is an elegant memorial cross to John Coleridge Patteson D.D. Bishop of Melanesia, who was murdered by South Sea islanders at Santa Cruz, 20th Sept. 1871: there are 800 sittings, over 300 of which are free. The register dates from the year 1538. The living is a vicarage, net yearly value £250, including 13 acres of glebe, with residence, in the gift of Thomas Grissell esq. and held since 1890 by the Rev. Ythil Arthur Barrington MA. of Oriel College, Oxford, and surrogate. By his will, dated Nov. 23rd, 1878, Mr. G. C. E. Bacon, the former patron, bequeathed £3,500 (reduced by payment of legacy duty to £3,150) to the incumbent and churchwardens for the time being of the parish of St. Mary-le-Tower, Ipswich, upon trust, to invest the same, and pay the dividends thereof, half-yearly for ever hereafter, to the incumbent for the time being of the said parish. In Northgate street, in this parish, remains the Archdeacon’s House, erected in 1471 by William Pykenham LL.D, archdeacon of Suffolk, now occupied by the Ipswich and Suffolk Club.

St. Mary-at-Stoke is a small Perpendicular church, picturesquely situated on an eminence on the south bank of the Gipping: it consists of chancel, nave, north aisle and transept, south porch and an embattled western tower 50 feet in height, containing a clock and 3 bells. The foundation of this church claims considerable antiquity, but from repeated renovation but little remains of the original fabric: it was given by King Edgar in 970 to the prior and convent of Ely, and their successors, the Dean and Chapter of Ely, are now the patrons: the nave and chancel are entirely new, and were erected in 1872: the former nave, now the north aisle, has a good open Perpendicular roof, with hammer-beams and figures bearing emblematic shields: there are monuments in the north aisle to former incumbents, and some earlier inscriptions to the names of Mann, 1629, and Dixon, 1672: at the west end of the nave is a large ledger stone, with arms and inscription to the family of Cartwright, 1754: the east window has been filed with stained glass in memory of Capt. Lacon, and the west window is a memorial to C. F. Gower, erected by his wife, 1867: there are 600 sittings, all of which are free. The register dates from the year 1565. The living is a rectory, net yearly value £325, including 20 acres of glebe and residence, in the gift of the Dean and Chapter of Ely, and held since 1880 by the Rev. Reginald Tompson MA. of Wadham College, Oxford, hon. canon of Ely and surrogate.

St. Mary-at-the-Quay (commonly called “St. Mary Key”) is a fine specimen of a Perpendicular church, consisting of chancel, nave and aisles, south porch and an embattled western tower of flint with stone panelling, 73 feet in height, and containing a clock and 6 bells, the earliest of which is dated 1613, one other 1662, and the rest 1663; it is surmounted by a wooden cupola containing a sanctus bell, upon which a large gilt key (in punning allusion to the name of the church) serves as a vane: this church possesses an interior which for symmetry is not excelled, if approached, by any other in the town: it appears to have been built or rebuilt about 1448, when Richard Gowty left “Calyon stone for a whole new church,” and was then the most important church in the town, all the principal Ipswich merchants of that time living in its immediate neighbourhood: the roof of the nave is very similar to that of St. Margaret's, and though now in a mutilated condition, it must originally have been one of the finest specimens of double hammer-beam roofs in this county, so renowned for its timber roofs: the chancel roof seems to have come from some other church, and to have been made to fit by a kind of wood coved cornice, and since the original quoin stones of the east window may be traced to the apex of the present roof, it is clear that in rebuilding it must have been considerably lowered: the font, a good specimen of Perpendicular work, is octagonal, with the evangelistic symbols and angels exquisitely sculptured in the upper panels: the principal monument remaining is the altar-tomb of Henry Tooley, ob. August 21, 1551, the founder of the almshouses bearing his name: it stands at the east end of the north aisle, and has panelled sides, enclosing emblazoned shields of the borough arms and those of the Merchant Adventurers: on the wall above is an inscription on brass with the arms-of the borough and kneeling figures of himself, his wife Alicia (ob. 8 February, 1565), and their children, set in a framework of carved stone: more interesting and valuable however than this is the magnificent Flemish brass in the chancel to Thomas Pounder, bailiff of Ipswich, ob. 1525, and his wife Emme: there are other monuments to the names of Blomfield, 1640: Smith, 1610: Parker, 1500; and Brett, 1633; and several inscriptions to former masters of the grammar school, one being that of the Rev. Robert Stephenson MA. ob. 1695: at the west end of the church remains a large slab from which have been removed the brasses of a man and his wife, and at their feet two groups of children; adjoining is another and still larger slab with indications of a central figure and shields at the angles, and beyond this a third, similarly mutilated: a new and large vestry was added in 1882; there are 325 sittings. The earliest register of this church dates from 1559, and is a small thin folio, written on and bound with parchment, and needing repair. The living is a vicarage, net yearly value £145, including 28 acres of glebe, with residence, in the gift of Simeon’s trustees and held since 1895 by the Rev. William Stewart Walford. The chaplaincy of Tooley and Smart’s almshouses, in Foundation street, value £20 yearly, is usually held with this living.

St. Matthew’s, at the west end of the town, is a large church, of Perpendicular character throughout, and stands in a spacious churchyard surrounded by well-grown trees in plan it consists of chancel with south aisle, clerestoried nave, north and south aisles, south porch and an embattled western tower, with panel work of freestone and dressed flints, containing 5 bells, varying in date from the 16th to the 18th century: the chancel is sufficiently ample, and has a single hammer-beam roof and a stained east window: the stone work and centre panel were presented by the late Mr. George Hewitt in 1890, and the window was completed by Mr. William Gill in 1894: the piers on either side of the chancel arch, erected temp. Edward III. are pierced by unusually large hagioscopes, of which that on the south side has a crocketed arch, and near it a similar but smaller opening; at the back of the northern hagioscope is another with a piscina and a shelf: the piers of the nave are octagonal, with moulded caps: the clerestory windows, eight in number, are square-headed and of two lights: the roof is modern, plastered and feeble in effect: the whole of the north aisle was of 14th century work, but in 1877 underwent great alteration and enlargement under the direction of G. G. Scott esq. architect: the north door was rebuilt and the former windows reset and a fine Perpendicular window of five lights inserted at the west end: the small paterae or roses in the capitals of the columns in the south aisle are very elegant and characteristic: the arches of the south arcade of the nave are of a later date, probably that of Henry VII. and the south aisle itself, disproportionately enlarged in 1843, was new roofed and refaced externally in 1884: the chancel aisle is also modern: the church has no remains of its ancient fittings save three double panels, painted and gilt, once forming part of the chancel screen and now preserved in the vestry: the octagonal font, panelled and elaborately carved, is rich and elegant, and dates from the latter half of the 15th century: there are a variety of interesting monuments and inscriptions: in the chancel there is a handsome marble monument to Richard Cock, 1629, with kneeling figures of himself, wife and children with a shield of arms, and there is another of similar character to Anthony Penning, 1630: in the south aisle are memorials to the Dade family, 1722, and one to the Right Hon. John Howe, 4th Baron Chedworth, who died 29 Oct. 1804: some modern stained windows, well designed, adorn the east end of this aisle and in the north aisle is a memorial window to the Rev. Charles Hicks Gaye, 27 years rector, 1848—75: in 1884, the church was repaired and the upper part of the tower entirely rebuilt, under the direction of Mr. E. F. Bisshopp, architect, of Ipswich, at a cost of £1,000: a new choir vestry was added on the north side in 1895 and a handsome carved oak chancel screen, erected by Mrs. Booth as a memorial to her husband: there are now 1,003 sittings, of which a considerable number are free. The register dates from the year 1559. The living is a rectory, though the great tithes belong to the Fonnereau family, net yearly value £215, with residence, in the gift of the Lord Chancellor, and held since 1900 by the Rev. William Edward Fletcher MA. of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. This parish has an area of 647 acres, and extends about 1 ½ miles westward; its western extremity was in 1877 made a separate district.

St. Nicholas’s, an unimposing but historically interesting church, is pleasantly situated towards the lower part of the town, and bounded on all sides by rows of linden trees. This church is supposed to have been built on the site and partly with the materials of the ancient church of St. Michael, mentioned in Domesday: it is chiefly of flint, with inlaid stone, and consists of chancel, nave, north and south aisles and a western embattled tower 57 feet 2 inches in height containing 5 bells, dating from 1630 to 1706, one of which resounds, by its legend, in honour of the great Duke of Marlborough: the nave is of four bays, and has three Decorated piers on each side: there is no proper clerestory, but a single Perpendicular dormer of two lights on either side: the aisle windows are chiefly of Early character, with some examples of Perpendicular: the chancel is without any separation from the nave, the chancel arch having been apparently removed, and its only window is in a modern and debased style: the font is a good example of Decorated work, and was presented to the parish by the parishioners of St. Lawrence as an acknowledgment for the use of St. Nicholas during the restoration of their own church: in the chancel are monumental inscriptions to Sir Payton Ventris Kt. Justice of the Common Pleas, died 1691, and to the families of Parker, 1604; Bridon, 1616; Alderman, 1642; and Mann, 1680; as well as some interesting brasses, particularly one to William Style and his wife, 1490: in the east wall of the north aisle is a piscina, and on the north wall some rude carvings in relief, supposed to have belonged to the church of St. Michael mentioned above: these include figures of Saxon ecclesiastics, and a representation of St. Michael encountering the dragon; another stone bearing the figure of an animal resembling a boar, was the dedication stone of a church called “All Saints,” built, it is believed, in the 4th century; in the south aisle are inscriptions to the names of Long, 1796; Edwards, 1754; and Whitaker, 1715: in 1886 the tower was restored at a cost of £650: there are 500 sittings. The register dates from the year 1539. The living is a vicarage, gross yearly value £350, including 15 acres of glebe, in the gift of the parishioners, and held since 1896 by the Rev. Samuel Green B.A. of the University of London.

St. Peter’s, apart from its architectural value, is interesting as standing close to, if not partly upon, the site of Wolsey’s College: in the time of Edward the Confessor it had large possessions, afterwards appropriated to the contiguous priory of SS. Peter and Paul, which, on its suppression in 1527, was given to the great Cardinal, who founded on its site the college referred to: the church consists of chancel, nave, aisles, south porch, and a stately embattled western tower of flint, rising to a height of 93ft. 6in.: the belfry stage was rebuilt in 1881, and new windows inserted, and there is a clock: the bells are 6 in number, one being undated, the rest dating from 1630 to 1733: the church underwent considerable restoration and enlargement about 1878 under the direction of Sir G. G. Scott, architect, the north aisle having been continued eastwards, with very elegant Decorated windows, a new and large east window placed in the chancel and an organ chamber erected on the south side: there is no proper chancel arch, but the chancel is spacious and only requires to be well fitted: the nave has clustered piers with richly moulded caps; the windows in both aisles are Decorated; in the clerestory there are but three on each side, these are small and deeply splayed at the base; those on the north side being sexfoil Decorated, and those on the south Perpendicular: the font is a large square mass of black marble, similar in character to that at Winchester cathedral, with carved but mutilated figures of lions statant of very early date, and is supported by a pediment of modern work: the west gallery has been removed, and the fine western tower arch opened: the south porch has also been re-opened and restored, and new iron gates and piers have been placed at the south entrance to the churchyard: there are some hatchments in the south aisle and a good brass to John Knapp and his wife, with 12 children, 1604; at the west end of the nave remains a slab from which the brasses of a man and his wife have been removed, and near it a singular inscription to a Dutch merchant, 1620: the north aisle has a monumental inscription to the family of Bleth, 1652: an oak reredos was erected in 1887: there are 650 sittings. The register of baptisms dates from the year 1567; marriages, 1662; burials, 1658. The living is a vicarage, in the gift of Simeon's trustees, net yearly value £240, with residence, and held since 1900 by the Rev. William John Limmer Sheppard MA. of Queen’s College, Oxford.

St. Stephen’s, one of the Ipswich churches mentioned in Domesday Book, is mostly built of flint, and consists of chancel, nave, south aisle, south porch and an embattled western tower, a Perpendicular work of mixed material, 59 feet 6 inches in height, and containing three bells; two of these are early, with Latin inscriptions in Old English text and floriated capitals; the third is dated 1629: the interior of this church, though small, has some features of interest: the shafts supporting the piers between the nave and south aisle, as well as those on the south side of the chancel, are of Purbeck marble: the chancel arch is plain, but is uniquely relieved, on either side, by tall lancet openings of considerable width: the windows are chiefly good Perpendicular: most striking to the visitor is the handsome and well-kept monument, on the north wall of the chancel, to Robert Leman, Sheriff of London, and Mary his wife, both of whom died on the same day, September 3rd, 1637; this monument is of various coloured marbles, highly gilt, with kneeling figures of both parents and children, and shields fully emblazoned, and was restored some years ago by the Fishmongers’ Company, to which Leman belonged: on the chancel walls are also brass inscriptions to John Wingfield, 1594; and William Sherman, 1583: in the south aisle remains a large slab, from which have been removed two figures in brass, with groups of children and shields of arms; there are other monuments worth noticing, to the names of Reynolds, 1648; Caley, 1638; and Moore, 1657—68, besides several of more modern date: two hatchments are affixed to the south porch, and in the north wall of the nave is a small niche, with a beautifully carved groined canopy: this church underwent extensive repair in 1866, since which the organ has been much enlarged and improved, and a new organ chamber with arched opening erected at the cost of A. F. Nicholson esq. late mayor of Ipswich, in memory of his daughters: in the vestry is a complete list of the rectors and patrons of St. Stephen’s from the year 1324: the battlements of the tower were renewed, new windows inserted on the south side and the stonework repaired in 1881—2, and a new vestry was built on the north side of the chancel 1885: there are 331 sittings. The earliest registers date from 1585, and consist of two small folios written on and bound with parchment, and in very good preservation. The living is a rectory, net yearly value £89, including 27 acres of glebe, with residence, in the gift of the Church Patronage Society, and held since 1881 by the Rev. William Frederick Clark, surrogate, and chaplain, of the borough asylum.

All Saints is an ecclesiastical parish, consolidated in 1887 from the parishes of St. Matthew, Bramford and Sproughton: the church (completed in 1892) is an edifice of red brick with terra cotta dressings, in the Perpendicular style, erected at a cost of about £7,500, from designs by Mr. S. Wright, of Morecambe, Lancashire, and consists of chancel, nave, aisles, north and south porches, vestries, and a tower with spire on the south-west: the aisles are separated from the nave by arcades of six arches, supported on clustered columns of sandstone faced with terra cotta: the roof of the nave is constructed of pitch pine, and is double ceiled and covered with red Broseley tiles: the chancel floor is laid with tiles and Hopton Wood stone, in alternate squares, and is fitted with stalls: there are 770 sittings. The register dates from the year 1887. The living is a vicarage, net yearly value £185, in the gift of the Bishop of Norwich, and held since 1887 by the Rev. John Sheldon Jones MA. of St. John’s College, Cambridge. The temporary mission church, now used as a Church room, is a plain building of brick, with a transept and a gable turret, and will seat about 300 persons.

Holy Trinity parish was separated from the parish of St. Clement, January 12th, 1838: by a further Order, dated 28 Nov. 1888, there was a readjustment of parish boundaries between St. Clement’s and Holy Trinity, in consequence of which the population is now (1900) upwards of 6,000. The church, built in 1836, at a cost of £2,000, defrayed by the late Rev. J. T. Nottidge, was a plain rectangular structure of brick, having three galleries, south porch and a square western tower containing one bell, but in 1895 underwent extensive alterations and improvements, at a cost of £2,500; a chancel, with aisle, organ chamber and vestry being added, the galleries on the north and south sides removed, centre and side aisles formed in the nave, and the west porch converted into a baptistery: there are 700 sittings, of which 500 are free. The register dates from the year 1838. The living is a vicarage, net yearly value £250, with residence, in the gift of the Church Patronage Society, and held since 1886 by the Rev. William Henry Williamson, surrogate, and chaplain of Ipswich union.

The parish of St. Bartholomew was formed in Aug. 1894, from the parishes of Holy Trinity and St. Clement: the church, a plain red brick and stone structure, at present (1900) unfinished, is being erected by Mrs. Spooner, wife of the Very Rev. Edward Spooner MA rector of Hadleigh and co-Dean of Booking, in memory of her father, the late John Cobbold esq. formerly M.P for the borough; it consists as yet only of chancel and nave, and affords 580 sittings. The living is a vicarage, net yearly value £142, in the gift of Mrs. Spooner, and held since 1896 by the Rev. George Augustus Cobbold B.A. of Pembroke College, Oxford.

The large outlying suburb called originally California, now St. John’s, was in 1879 formed into an ecclesiastical parish from the civil parish of St. Margaret: the old church of St. John the Baptist, opened in 1857, and used until 1899, as the church of the district, has been superseded by a larger edifice, standing on an adjoining: site, and consecrated by the Bishop of Norwich, Dec. 9, 1899. It was built at a cost of about £7,800, from designs by the late Sir A. W. Blomfield A.R.A, and Sons, and is an edifice of red brick with stone dressings, comprising a nave with aisles, and clergy and choir vestries.

The foundation stone was laid on June 24, 1898, by Miss Coulcher, whose mother initiated the building fund by a generous gift of £1,000, and who has also herself contributed £1,000: there are about 800 sittings. The register dates from the year 1880. The living is a vicarage, endowed by the munificence of the late Rev. Edmund Hollond MA. of Benhall Lodge, Saxmundham, and the Ecclesiastical Commissioners; net yearly income £200, in the gift of Simeon’s trustees, and held since 1887 by the Rev. William Samuel King MA. of University College, Oxford. The area is 1,300 acres; the population in 1891 was 3,420.

St. Michael’s is an ecclesiastical parish formed July 22nd, 1881, from the civil parishes of St. Margaret and St. Clement. The church, situated in Upper Orwell street, was built in 1880, at a cost of over £8,000, including an endowment fund of £500 but excluding the site of the chancel, valued at £300 and given by Miss Bond, of the Elms, Twickenham Park, Middlesex: it is a structure of brick in the Early English style, consisting of chancel, nave, aisles, transept, western porch and a turret containing 2 bells: there are 600 sittings. The register dates from the year 1881. The living is a consolidated chapelry, net yearly value £250, in the gift of Simeon’s trustees, and held since 1881 by the Rev. William John Garrould MA. of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.

The Catholic Church, in Orwell place, dedicated to St. Pancras, and built in 1860, is a fine and lofty structure, in the Gothic style, consisting of chancel, nave and aisles, with a tall fleche: it has sittings for 700 persons. St. Mary’s Church and Convent, Albion hill, Woodbridge road, originally erected in 1826 and dedicated to St. Anthony, was enlarged and re-dedicated to St. Mary after the French Revolution in 1838, by M. Simon, a French priest, at a cost of £1,600, and is a plain brick building, the church affording 300 sittings.

The English Presbyterian Church, Burlington road, St. Matthew’s, erected in 1870 at a cost of £4,700 (including Sunday schools, enlarged in 1894 at a cost of £1,300), is a rectangular building, of Kentish ragstone, in the Decorated style, with clock tower and lofty spire: the interior was renovated in 1883: there are 500 sittings.

The Society of Friends’ Meeting House, Bank street, erected in 1796, is a plain building of red brick, and has 500 sittings.

Burlington Baptist chapel, London road, erected in 1875, at a cost of £7,500, including school, is a building of brick with stone dressings, in a modified Italian style, and has 1,100 sittings. The Baptist chapel, Fonnereau road, founded in 1798 by the Congregational body and sold to the Baptists in 1829, was enlarged by them in 1832 at a cost of about £1,500, and is a plain building of red brick, seating 850 persons, with a minister’s house adjoining. The Baptist chapel, Stoke green, erected in 1775, for a congregation first formed in 1758, is a plain edifice of brick, seating 800 persons, and has a bural ground attached. The Baptist chapel, Turret green, was erected in 1892, at a cost of £7,000, with sittings for 800 persons.

The Congregational church, Tacket street, originally founded in 1686, was rebuilt in 1856, at a cost of £3,200, and is a building of Kentish rag, with Caen stone dressings, in the Decorated style; the interior has an open timbered roof, with arched principals and hammer beams upon iron columns, and will seat 1,200 persons. St. Nicholas’ Congregational church, erected in 1831 at a cost of £3,000, is a plain structure of brick in the Gothic style, and affords 1,000 sittings.

The Wesleyan chapel, Museum street, erected in 1861 at a cost of £4,886, in place of an earlier structure, founded in 1810, is a building of stone, in the Decorated style, with 850 sittings, and has schools annexed.

The burial grounds attached to the churches and chapels have been closed since 1855; the general cemetery, occupying a site of 32 acres on the high ground beyond the precincts of the town, to the north, is very well laid out and planted, and has two mortuary chapels: it is under the control of a United Burial Board of twelve members, one from each parish. In 1893 the Ipswich Burial Board purchased about 20 acres of land for the extension of the burial ground, and in 1896 about 5 ½ acres were laid out in terraces adjacent to the Felixstowe railway.

The Town Hall, at the foot of the Cornhill, is an imposing rectangular structure in the Italian style, erected in 1867—8, at a cost of £16,000, from designs by Messrs. Bellamy and Hardy, architects, Lincoln; the principal facade has a rusticated basement and ground and principal storeys, surmounted by an open balustrade, finished with a series of ornamental arms in terra cotta; emblematical statues of Justice, Learning, Agriculture and Commerce also adorn the front, and in the centre of the upper storey are the borough arms in alto-relievo; above all rises a kind of dome, supporting the clock tower, which has four illuminated dials: the total height from the ground is 130 feet: the interior comprises a fine entrance hall and staircase, a lofty and elegant chamber for the meetings of the Town Council, Library and Committee rooms, a Quarter Sessions court, Magistrates’ room (where the Petty Sessions are held), jury room, offices for the Borough Surveyor and retiring room for magistrates: the Borough Police Station is in the basement storey: on the principal staircase is a full length portrait, by Corbould, of the late John Patteson Cobbold esq. J.P. mayor 1867, and sometime M.P. for Ipswich; and on the landings are marble busts of Cardinal Wolsey and Alderman G. G. Sampson, by Williams, of California, near Ipswich; portraits of Admiral Benjamin V. Page and Peter Bartholomew Long esq. formerly town clerk, hang near the entrance of the Council Chamber, which is also hung with full-length portraits of H.M. the Queen and H.R.H, the Prince Consort, the latter presented by the late John Chevallier Cobbold esq. J.P. high steward of the borough and its representative in Parliament from 1847 to 1868; and the former by Hugh Edward Adair esq. M.P. for Ipswich from 1847 to 1874; there are also portraits of Charles II. William ILE. and Queen Mary. George I. and Nathaniel Bacon esq. recorder of Ipswich, in 1643, and M.P. for the borough 1654 to 1660; this last portrait was presented by the Rev. John Longe MA. vicar of Coddenham, in 1832. The Mayor’s chain of office, first used in the mayoralty of R. C. Ransome esq. consists of a series of massive links of gold, presented by past mayors, and an elaborately wrought pendant badge of the town arms in gold and enamel, with supporters and crest, and various municipal emblems. The Corporation also possesses two maces of silver gilt, temp. Charles II. formerly carried before the two bailiffs and now before the mayor; the shafts are richly chased and encircled with bold knops, similarly ornamented; the mace heads, supported by elegant scrolled brackets, are pounced with small circles, and divided into compartments by figures with foliaged extremities; between these, in relief, are the national emblems crowned; the heads are finished with a cresting of fleurs-de-lis and crosses pattee, from which springs an open crown, surmounted in each case by a modern orb and cross: there is also a silver oar, anciently borne by the water-bailiff, an office now extinct, and a loving cup: the Great Court trump of brass, believed to have been given to the town by King John, is still preserved; it was blown by custom at midnight before the bailiffs’ houses, and then in each, ward, upon the night preceding the day for holding a Great Court, but is not now used. The town records have been carefully examined, arranged and reported on by J. Cordy Jeaffreson esq. of the Historical Records Commission. In the library hang a series of paintings of naval engagements, presented by Admiral Page.

The Corn Exchange, immediately contiguous to the Town Hall, supersedes the old Exchange; the foundation stone was laid in July, 1880, by D. H. Booth esq. then mayor, and the building was opened on the 26th July, 1882: the style adopted by the architect, Mr. Brightwen Binyon, of Ipswich, is that of the Italian Renaissance, which harmonizes very fairly with the adjoining public edifices: the front is of white Portland stone with pilasters of Dumfries red stone: the Corn Exchange proper is 124 feet long by 58 feet wide, surrounded on both sides by offices and shops, and is lighted from the roof, the light being on the north side only: the upper floor contains the town clerk’s office, a committee room, and mayor’s parlour: allegorical figures of Agriculture and Commerce surmount the principal entrances: the cost was £26,000, and £10,000 in addition was expended on the site.

The Custom House, erected in 1844 by the Corporation, is an edifice of brick with stone dressings, in the Italian style: the basement comprises bonding vaults: on the ground floor at the north is a police station, with covered colonnades on the east and west sides: the dock front shows a spacious overhanging portico supported on columns, under which a double staircase rises to the offices of the Customs and the Dock Commissioners: at the north-west comer is a clock tower. Woodbridge and Aldeburgh are now included and worked from Ipswich for customs purposes.

The Post Office, standing on the site of the old Corn Exchange, to the east of the Town Hall, was built in 1880—1, from the designs of Mr. John Johnson, architect, of Queen Victoria street, London, and is in the Italian style: the front is of Portland stone and has a portico supported on columns, surmounted by a pediment adorned with statues, representing “Industry,” “Electricity,” “Steam” and “Commerce,” together with the Royal Arms, supported by recumbent figures of “Science” and “Genius:” the rooms for sorting and dispatching letters, newspapers &c. and for money order and savings bank business, are large and well ventilated: the telegraph department occupies rooms on the upper floor: the entire cost of the Post Office buildings was £11,000.

The Public Hall, built in 1868, is a spacious and lofty building, 126 feet long and 50 wide, with entrances in Westgate street and Arcade street: the large hall, which has been artistically decorated, will hold, including a gallery at the north end and balcony extending round two-thirds of the building, 2,000 persons, and has attached to it a saloon for minor meetings and ante rooms: at the south end of the hall is a considerable recess, fitted up as an orchestra, with a wide platform, 40 by 36 feet, in front for use at public meetings: the Corporation are now the owners of the building, Mr. G. E. Watson being the agent and manager.

The Masonic Hall, in Soane street, erected about 1878, is a building of red brick in a simple style, with a large chamber for Masonic meetings and other apartments.

Her Majesty’s Prison, a massive structure in Grimwade street, St. Helen’s street, began in 1786, has during the last few years undergone considerable enlargement, in consequence of the extra space required for prisoners since the passing of the Prisons Act, both county and borough prisoners being now brought here: extensive alterations were made in 1883, by which the prison was separated from the County Hall, in which the assizes, quarter sessions and county courts are held. The old house standing on the Borough grounds and formerly occupied by the late governor of the Borough Gaol, has received additions, and is now occupied by the present governor: a new entrance lodge was added in 1884.

By an Order in Council, dated Dec. 9, 1868, the spring assizes for the county are now held here; the summer assizes being held at Bury St. Edmunds. Quarter sessions are held in the usual session weeks; county and borough petty sessions are held on certain days every week.

The Ipswich Museum, established in 1847 by public subscription, now occupies buildings in High street, erected at a cost of £6,990, of which £2,500 was raised by subscription (£500 being contributed by the late president, Sir Richard Wallace), and the remainder, to include the cost of site, borrowed on the Museum rate. The new Museum was erected from designs by Mr. Horace Cheston, architect, of London, and is built of Ted brick in the revived Queen Anne style: the rooms appropriated to the School of Art are on the north side: medallion portraits of Newton and Hogarth ornament the front of the exterior, and the panels on either side the central gable are filled in with emblems of science and art: the Museum contains a valuable scientific collection, chiefly of natural history; and is especially rich in examples of the Suffolk Crag: there is an extensive reference library, chiefly scientific, and free to the public, with a special department for works relating to the topography and antiquities of the county. Here also is located the ancient Corporation library of about 600 volumes, including some rare theological and topographical works; and a series, though not complete, of the catalogues of Public Records. In June, 1887, the library was enlarged, an additional wing being built, at a cost of £800, as a Jubilee memorial; this room is set apart as a lending library, and contains about 9,000 volumes; the reference library comprises 5,200 volumes and the patent library 3,200 volumes. In 1892 the Science and Art Schools were enlarged by the addition of the north wing, comprising modelling and art class rooms, chemical lecture room, and a new laboratory. The Ipswich Scientific Society meets at the Museum the first Wednesday in every month: excursions for botanical and geological research are occasionally made by the members. Courses of lectures on various scientific subjects, are delivered during the winter season.

On the south side of the Museum stands the Art Gallery, erected by the Ipswich Fine Art Club, for the exhibitions of the club, as well as of loan collections: it is built of red brick, in a style similar to that of the Museum: an exhibition is held every year.

The Ipswich Choral Society was formed in 1892, for the production of special works and miscellaneous selections: the practices usually extend from autumn to spring, and one or more public concerts are generally given.

The Ipswich Institute, in Tavern street, established in 1824 as the Mechanics’ Institution, has a spacious and well-appointed reading room, entirely reconstructed and enlarged, and a library of about 9,000 volumes; the institution is liberally supplied with the daily and weekly papers and the leading magazines, and numbers about 1,000 members: strangers staying in the town are allowed to frequent this reading room gratis on the introduction of a member. Immediately adjoining the reading room is a large lecture and music hall with a gallery at one end, and some supplementary rooms, the entrance being in Tower street: in this hall, which holds about 800 persons, the species of entertainments called “Penny Readings,” which have since become so popular throughout the kingdom, were originated, in Sept. 1859. An excellent Chess Club holds its meetings here. The entire premises are lighted by electricity.

The Eastern Counties Dairy Institute, established in 1888 at Akenham, was transferred to Gippeswyk Park in 1895, the site having been purchased and a dairy erected by Messrs. Grimwood, of Sudbury, from plans by Messrs. Eade and Johns: the buildings are of red brick and two storeys in height, and contain on the ground floor butter making room, sale room, cheese making room, secretary’s office &c.; and on the first floor a lecture room and library, 40 feet by 20 feet, teachers’ room, cheese room &c. About 1,000 dairy students are annually trained here and at local classes, at a cost of about £2,000, provided largely by the County Councils and a Government grant, in addition to students’ fees; free scholarships are offered by seven counties tenable at Ipswich, and examinations are periodically held and certificates granted.

Ipswich Corporation Baths, in Fore street, were erected in 1894, at a cost of over £3,000, of which sum £1,200 was given by Felix T. Cobbold esq. in addition to the site: the swimming bath is 7 feet by 23 feet, and is lined with white glazed bricks.

The Royal Artillery Barracks are north of the town, between St. Matthew’s street and the Anglesea road, on the opposite side of which are the officer’s quarters; there is also a small barrack and depot for the Suffolk artillery militia, and there are the head quarters of the 1st Volunteer Battalion Suffolk Regiment in Portman’s road, four companies and a cycle company of which are in Ipswich, and in Berners street those of the 1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery, which has three companies in Ipswich.

The Lyceum Theatre, in Carr street, erected in 1890—91, at a cost of £9,000, is a structure of red brick in the Italian style, from designs by Mr. Walter Emden, architect, of London, and will seat 1,300 persons.

The former theatre, a small and unimportant building in Tacket street, was purchased by the Salvation Army in 1892.

The Ipswich Club is in Upper Brook street, and the Ipswich and Suffolk Club in Northgate street; the Conservative Club, in St. Stephen’s Church lane, erected in 1877 at a cost of about £1,200 as a Masonic hall, was converted into a club in 1883; there are billiard and reading rooms, a lecture and concert hall seating 300, and a new bar added in 1886 at a cost of £200. The Reform Club, in Lower Brook street, has billiard and reading rooms and bowling green.

The Public Subscription Library, contained in the fine upper room of the Ancient House in the Butter market, has about 17,000 volumes: a medical library, established in 1824, is also maintained in the same building.

The Temperance Hall, in High street, is a low but substantial edifice of stone, in the Greek Classic style, erected in 1840, and is now used by Mr. George Abbot as iron works.

The Young Men’s Christian Asociation has premises in Tavern street. The Ipswich & East of England Horticultural Society holds two exhibitions during the year.

The Suffolk Village Club and Reading Room Association, intended to promote the formation of such clubs throughout the county, has its principal centre here, and there are in the county 55 affiliated clubs.

The East Suffolk and Ipswich Hospital stands on high ground to the north of the town, on the Anglesea road: it was founded in 1835, and is a building of white brick and stone, with a central columniated portico: in 1869 the building was extended on the west side, by the addition of a children’s wing, erected in memory of the late John Patteson Cobbold esq. M.P.: in 1898 a Jubilee wing was built on the east side, at a cost of about £6,000: there are beds for 122 in-patients; the attendance of outpatients treated yearly is about 9,000, and of in-patients about 800: adjoining is an operating theatre and chapel.

The Fever Hospital, erected in 1878, at a considerable distance from the town, near the Borough Lunatic Asylum, is built in four distinct blocks, the central pavilion of two storeys, containing the domestic offices, being connected with the others devoted to patients, and also of two-storeys, by an open corridor: there is available space for 24 to 30 beds, nearly 2,000 cubic feet being allowed for each bed.

The Nurses’ Home for the Sick Poor, in the Butter market, was founded in 1872 to provide trained nursing under supervision for the sick poor in their own homes free of charge: attached to this institution there is a staff of trained private nurses for medical, surgical and monthly cases.

The Borough Lunatic Asylum was erected on grounds adjoining Foxhall road, on the Rose Hill estate, 1 mile 7 furlongs from the Town Hall, was completed in 1870; the area is 69 ½ acres, and the asylum holds 300 patients.

The industries of the town comprise the well-known “Orwell works,” at the east end of the dock, of Messrs. Ransomes, Sims and Jefferies Limited, agricultural engineers, established in 1789: these works, which have a frontage of 900 feet, cover upwards of 13 acres of land, almost entirely roofed over, and give employment to more than 1,800 men and boys, in the manufacture of steam engines of all kinds for industrial and agricultural purposes, thrashing machines, ploughs and horse rakes, which are not only well known in this country, but are sent in large numbers to all parts of the world: in connection with these works is a library of about 3,000 volumes: this firm has also separate works in Waterworks street, entirely devoted to the manufacture of lawn mowers, of which many thousands are turned out annually.

Messrs. E. R. and F. Turner Limited, of St. Peter's works, are also engineers and steam engine manufacturers and flour mill engineers on the roller or stone system, and there are several other smaller engineering works, the large railway plant manufactory of Messrs. Ransomes & Rapier Limited, and extensive artificial manure manufactories as well as ship yards, breweries, maltings, tanneries, boot, shoe & clothing manufactories, ropeyards, brick works and the very extensive tobacco, cigar and cigarette manufactory of Messrs. W. A. and A. C. Churchman, in Portman road & Princes street.

Two newspapers are published here weekly and two daily (one morning and one evening). The offices of the “East Anglian Daily Times,” in Carr street, are in the Renaissance style of the latter part of the 16th century, with details in the Flemish style: the composing rooms and the printing rooms are among the most completely furnished in the country, and the electric light is used.

The principal hotels are the “Great White Horse,” Tavern street, “The Grand,” Butter market, “Crown and Anchor,” Westgate street, and the “Golden Lion,” Cornhill.

The markets for corn and cattle are held on Tuesdays and the provision market on Saturdays, in the new Corn market. St. George’s stock fair is held on the Cattle market on the first Tuesday in May, Handford fair on the same spot on the third Tuesday in May, and a Iamb fair is held on August 22nd at Handford Hall.

The Girls’ Industrial Home, in St. Matthew’s parish, founded by the philanthropy of a single individual, was opened in September, 1857, and enlarged in 1886, and is fitted up for the reception of forty-five girls, who are either sent by a magistrates’ order or admitted through the recommendation of a clergyman.

There is a Public Arboretum, with entrances in the Henley and Fonnereau roads: the upper portion is entirely free; the lower is reserved for subscribers; both are well laid out and carefully tended, and form handsome public gardens.

A pleasant promenade for the inhabitants of the lower town is afforded by the spacious avenue adjacent to the docks, planted with finely grown specimens of linden and pine trees.

The Cricket and Athletic Ground is near the Railway station, and has a spacious pavilion and other buildings.

On the Race ground, which lies eastward of the town, races under considerable local patronage are held annually.

There were anciently here a number of monastic houses and hospitals. The priory of SS. Peter and Paul, situated in St. Peter’s parish, was founded in the reign of Henry II. by Thomas de Lacy and Alice, his wife, for canons of the order of St. Augustine, and its revenues, at the Dissolution, were estimated at £40. In 1527 this religious house was replaced by the College of St. Mary, founded by Cardinal Wolsey, under a bull granted by Pope Clement VII. in 1525; with the college he incorporated the then existing Grammar school, the lands and tenements belonging to which were surrendered to him for this purpose by the bailiffs of Ipswich, Jan. 10, 1529. On the disgrace of the cardinal, the college lands were declared, by a commission sitting at Woodbridge, to be forfeited to the king, and the college was dissolved in October, 1530; of this structure, erected of Caen stone and brick, by Lee and Barbour, master masons, nothing now remains but one of the gateways, situated at the south-east corner of St. Peter’s churchyard, and still bearing a mutilated shield of the royal arms of the Tudors, with greyhound and dragon supporters carved in stone.

The Dominicans, or Black Friars, were established here in the time of Henry III. by John Harys and H. Manesby.

The House of the Franciscans, or Grey Friars, also called “Friars Minors,” stood westward of St. Nicholas’ church, on the bank of the Gipping, and was founded in the reign of Edward I. by Sir Robert Tiptot, or Tibetot, of Nettlestead.

The establishment of Carmelites, or White Friars, founded about 1279 by Sir T. de Loudham and Lord Bardolph, was situated in the parishes of SS. Nicholas and Lawrence, on land extending from St. Stephen’s lane to Queen street, south of the Butter market.

The hospitals included that of SS. James and Mary Magdalen in St. Helenas parish, founded in the time of King John; and that of St. Leonard, situated in the suburbs, beyond the river and near the extinct church of St. Austin.

The Priory of Holy Trinity, or Christ Church, also for Black or Austin canons, was founded by Norman Castrode or Fitz Ednoth before 1177, nearly on the site of the present house; at its surrender there were seven canons, and revenues valued at £88 6s. 9d.; ten years subsequently the site was granted to Sir Thomas Pope kt. the celebrated founder of Trinity College, Oxford, from whom it passed to the Withipolls, and Sir Edmund Withipoll, in 1550, erected upon it the existing mansion, an extensive structure of brick, in the Tudor style, surrounding three sides of a courtyard; some of the outbuildings retain fragments of carved work formerly belonging to the priory; the park contains some fine trees and includes an ancient bowling green.

Christchurch mansion and grounds was purchased and presented to the town by Felix Thornley Cobbold esq. in 1895, and the adjoining park was purchased by the Corporation at a cost of £26,000. The mansion is used as a picture gallery and college by the Science and Technical division of the Borough Science and Art and Technical Schools.

The antiquity of Ipswich is still apparent in the many remains of carved timber houses to be seen in St. Clement’s, Silent street, Northgate street, and elsewhere.

The “Ancient House,” in the Butter market, an interesting example of a town mansion of the 16th century, is supposed to have been erected in 1567, by George Copping, probably for Robert Sparrow, bailiff of Ipswich in 1629—30, and was long inhabited by that family: the house is 70 feet in length and has two storeys; the lowermost is elaborately ornamented with corbels festooned with fruit and supporting a cornice; the upper storey has four bay windows, each of which is adorned with emblematic groups in stucco, representing Europe, Asia, Africa and America; and in the centre are the arms of Charles II.; in the roof are four dormers, the gables of which exhibit figures of cupids; and at the end of the house, towards St. Stephen’s lane, are representations of Atlas supporting the Globe, and pastoral figures: several of the rooms are panelled with carved oak and have decorated ceilings.

The municipal and parliamentary limits of the borough are co-extensive; the population in 1871 was 42,947, in 1881, 50,546, and in 1891, 57,360.

The population and rateable values of the several parishes comprising the Ipswich municipal and parliamentary borough are as follows :—

Marked thus + were in 1894 absorbed in the adjoining parishes of St. Matthew, St. Mary, Stoke & Whitton-cum-Thurlston

* Including 281 officers & inmates in the Borough Lunatic Asylum

* The “Assessable Value” of a parish is the rateable value thereof reduced by an amount equal to one-half of the rateable value of the agricultural land in the parish + Including 102 in the East Suffolk Hospital; 67 in H.M. Prison & 184 in St. John’s Home for Workhouse Children ++ Including 254 in the Royal Artillery Barracks T Including 189 officers & inmates in the Workhouse.

The population of the municipal wards in 1891 was:-Bridge, 11,737; Middle, 7,478; St. Clement, 10,337; St. Margaret, 13,880 and Westgate, 13,928; total, 57,360.Stolen from Fore-bears

The population of the ecclesiastical parishes in 1891 was:-All Saints, 5,154; Holy Trinity, 5,435 5 St. Clement, 4,426; St. Helen, 4,335; St. John the Baptist, 4,061; St. Lawrence, 432; St. Margaret, 5,719; St. Mary at Elms, 952; St. Mary at Quay, 1,179; St. Mary at Tower, 656; St. Mary, Stoke, 4,099; St. Matthew, 7,604; St. Michael, 4,040; St. Nicholas, 1,848; St. Peter, 5,776; St. Stephen, 594; Rushmere, 668.

Petty Sessions for general business & for the purposes of the Criminal Justice Act, every Tuesday, at the Shire Hall, at 12 o’clock. The places in this petty sessional division are:-Atwarton, Belstead (part of), Bentley, Bergholt (East), Brantham, Burstall, Capel St. Mary, Chattisham, Chelmondiston, Copdock, Freston, Harkstead, Higham, Hintlesham, Holbrook, Holton St. Mary, Raydon, Shelly, Shotley, Sproughton (part of), Stratford St. Mary, Stutton, Tallingstone, Washbrook, Wenham (Great), Wenham (Little), Wherstead, Woolverstone.

IPSWICH UNION

Board day, Friday, at 10 a.m. at 19 Tower street.

The union comprises the following parishes: St. Clement, St. Helen, St. Lawrence, St. Margaret, St. Mary-at-the-Elms, St. Mary-at-the-Quay, St. Mary-at-the-Tower, St. Mary Stoke, St. Matthew, St. Nicholas, St. Peter, St. Stephen Rushmere, Shire Hall Yard, Warren House, Westerfield-in-Ipswich, and Whitton-with-Thurlston. The population of the union in 1891 was 57,081; the area is 8,002 acres; assessable value in 1900, £257,609.

The Union Workhouse, in Woodbridge road, erected in 1898—99, at a cost of £39,000, is a large building of Ted brick, arranged for about 400 inmates: in 1871 the guardians established a Home for the boys, which was enlarged in 1877 to take in girls & infants; children being taken from other Unions as well as Ipswich at St. John’s, where different branches of industry are taught; Chas. Grayson, master; Rev. Wm. Henry Williamson, chaplain; John Richard Staddon M.R.C.S.Eng, medical officer; Mrs. Edith Grayson, matron St. John’s Home, Rev. W. S. King MA. chaplain; Mrs. Rogers, matron.

SAMFORD UNION

Board day, Thur. fortnightly at 11 a.m. at the workhouse. The union comprises the following places :-Belstead,Bentley, Brantham, Burstall, Capel St. Mary, Chattisham, Chelmondiston, Copdock, East Bergholt, Erwarton (or Arwarton), Freston, Great Wenham, Harkstead, Higham, Hintlesham, Holbrook, Holton St. Mary, Little Wenham, Raydon, Shelley, Shotley, Sproughton, Stratford St. Mary, Stutton, Tattingstone, Washbrook, Wherstead & Woolverstone. The population of the union in 1891 was 12,018; area, 45,622 acres; rateable value in 1900, £72,945.

PLACES OF WORSHIP, with times of services. Churches & Episcopal Chapels.

St. Bartholomew’s, Rev. George Augustus Cobbold BA, vicar; 8 & 11 a.m. 3.30 & 7 p.m.; Wed. & Fri. 11.30. a.m. & 7.30 p.m.; other days, 5 p.m.

St. Clement’s, Rev. John Powell, rector; Rev. Alan Rowlands Wood, curate; 10 a.m. & 3 & 7 p.m.; Wed. 7.30 p.m.

St. Helen, Rev. Edwin Oakley MA. rector; Rev. Herbt. Ball MA. curate; 11 a.m. & 3 & 7 p.m.; Wed. 11.30. a.m.; Fri. 11.30 a.m.; Thur. 7.30 p.m. Lent & Advent.

St. Lawrence, Rev. William Joseph Frazer Whelan D.D. vicar; 11 a.m. & 7 p.m.

St. Margaret, Rev. Arthur Blackwell Goulburn Lillingston MA. vicar; Rev. Cecil N. Duke MA. curate; 11 a.m. 6 3 & 7 p.m.; Fri. 12 noon.

St. Mary at Elms, Rev. Adalbert Wilhelm Van Den Bergh A.K.C. vicar; 11 a.m. & 7 p.m.; holy communion, 8 a.m. & midday alternately.

St. Mary Key, Rev. William Stewart Walford, vicar; 11 a.m. & 7 p.m.; Fri. 11 a.m.

St. Mary Stoke, Rev. Canon Reginald Tompson MA. rector; 8 & 10.45 a.m. & 3 & 7 p.m.; daily, 10 a.m. & 7 p.m.

St. Mary Tower, Rev. Ythil Arthur Barrington MA. vicar; 8 & 10.45 a.m. & 3 & 7 p.m.; eucharist, 8 a.m. & 5 p.m.; matins, 3.40 p.m. & evensong, 5 p.m. daily.

St. Matthew, Rev. William Edward Fletcher MA. rector; 9.45 & 11 a.m. & 3 & 7 p.m.; Wed. & Fri. 11 a.m. & 7.30 p.m.

St. Nicholas, Rev. Samuel Green B.A. vicar; 11 a.m. &; 7 p.m.; Wed. 7.30 p.m.

St. Peter, Rev. John William Limmer Sheppard MA vicar; 11 a.m. & 7 p.m.; Wed. 7.30 p.m.

St. Stephen, Rev. William Frederick Clark, rector; 11 a.m. & 7 p.m.; Thur. 7.30 p.m. during advent & lent.

St. Michael, Rev. William John Garrould MA. incumbent; 11 a.m. & 7 p.m.; Thur. 8 p.m.

All Saints, Rev. John Sheldon Jones MA. vicar; Rev. John Powis Hoult MA. curate; 11 a.m. & 7 p.m.; Wed. 7.30 p.m.; Wed. & Fri. 11 a.m.

St. John’s, Rev. William Samuel King MA. vicar; Rev. Hugh Walmsley Teesdale MA. curate; 11 a.m. & 6.30 p.m.; Wed. 7.30 p.m.

Holy Trinity, Rev. William Henry Williamson, vicar; 11 a.m. & 3 & 6.30 p.m.; Wed. 7.30 p.m.; Fri. 11 a.m.

St. Pancras Catholic, Orwell place, Very Rev. Canon Patrick Rogers & Rev. H. O’Connor, priests; mass, 8 & 11 a.m. & vespers, sermon & benediction, 6.30 p.m.; daily mass, 8 a.m.; holidays of obligation, mass, 7 & 9 a.m.; Wed. & Fri. rosary, sermon & benediction 8 p.m.

St. Mary Catholic, Woodbridge road, served from St. Pancras; holy communion 8 & mass 9 a.m.; compline, sermon & benediction, 5 p.m.; holidays of obligation, mass, 7 a.m.; daily mass, 7.30 a.m.

Friends’ Meeting House, Bank street; 10.30 a.m. & 6.30 p.m.; Thur. 11 a.m. seats 500.

Baptist

Zoar, David street, St. Clement’s, Rev. Robert Coad Bardens; 10.30 a.m. & 6.30 p m.; Wed. 7.15 p.m., seats 500.

Turret Green, Turret lane, Rev. Joseph Gott; 10.45 a.m. & 6.30 p.m.; Wed. 7.30 p.m. seats 800.

Fonnereau road (Bethesda), Rev. William Kern; 10.30 a.m. & 3 & 6.30 p.m.; Mon. & Thur. 7.15 p.m. seats 850.

London road (Burlington), Rev. Thomas M. Morris; 10.45 a.m. & 6.30 p.m.; Wed. 7.45 p.m. seats 1,100.

Stoke green, Rev. Richard Elgar Willis; 10.30 a.m. & 6.30 p.m.; Wed. 7.30 p.m. seats seats 800.

Congregational:-Seats.

Tacket street, Rev. Thomas J. Hosken; 10.45 a.m. & 6.45 p.m.; Wed. 7.30 p.m. seats 1,200.

St. Nicholas street (St. Nicholas), Rev. John Saunders, B.A.; 10.45. a.m. & 6.30 p.m.; Thur. 7.30 p.m. seats 1,000.

Crown street, Rev. Alfred Ames Dowsett; 10.30 a.m. & 6.30 p.m.; Tues. 8 p.m.; Wed. 7.30 p.m. seats 700.

Cowper street, St. John’s, Mr. F. D. Humphreys; 11 a.m. & 6.30 p.m.; Thur. 7.30 p.m. seats 250.

GrimwadeMemorial, Fore Hamlet, Rev. Thomas Alfred Carritt; 10.45 a.m. & 6.30 p.m.; Wed. 7.30 p.m. seats 800.

Presbyterian, Burlington corner, Rev. Edward James Gilchrist MA., B.D.; 11 a.m. & 6.45 p.m.; Thur. 8 p.m. seats 470.

Primitive Methodist:—

10 Rope walk; 10.30 a.m. & 6.30 p.m. seats 300.

Clarkson st.; 10.45 a.m. 6 30 p.m. seats 360.

Plymouth Brethren, High street, various; 10.45 a.m. & 6.30 p.m. seats 200.

Unitarian, St. Nicholas street.; 11 a.m. & 7 p.m. seats 600.

Wesleyan:—

Museum st.; 10.30 a.m.& 6.30 p m.; Wed. seats 850.

Alan road, St. John's 10.30 a.m. & 6.30 p.m.; Wed. 7.15 p.m. seats 500.

Elm Street Mission, 10.45 a.m. .& 7 p.m.

Salvation Army Barracks, Tacket street Holly Lodge Mission, Bramford lane, 7 p.m.

St. John’s Mission, Foxhall road, 6.30 p.m.

Board Schools.

Wherstead road, erected in 1872—73, has now accommodation for 263 boys, 275 girls & 272 infants; average attendance, 215 boys, 248 girls & 207 infants.

Argyle street, erected in 1872, for 729 children; average attendance, 284 girls & 258 infants.

St. John’s, California, erected in 1873, for 365 boys; average attendance, 351.

Trinity street, erected in 1863, for 252 girls; average attendance, 240.

Trinity street, erected in 1874, for 250 infants; average attendance, 209.

St. Mary Elms, erected in 1874, for 200 boys; average attendance, 130.

London road, erected in 1874, for 214 infants & 200 girls; average attendance, 178 girls & 176 infants.

Cavendish street, erected in 1877, for 374 boys; average attendance, 358.

Rose Hill road, erected in 1885; & enlarged in 1898, for 314 girls & 378 infants; average attendance, 282 girls & 269 infants.

Bramford road (boys, girls & infants), erected in 1882—8, for 312 boys, 232 girls & 252 infants; average attendance, 270 boys, 186 girls & 192 infants.

Springfield, erected in 1895, for 440 boys & girls & 232 infants; average attendance, 393 boys & girls & 191 infants.

Smart street, erected in 1883,for 310 boys; average attendance, 263; also manual instruction centre for all boys’ schools.

Tower Ramparts, Higher grade (mixed), for 824; average attendance, 513; evening classes are held at 14 centres.

QUEEN ELIZABETH’S SCHOOL.

The date of the original foundation of the school is unknown, but it certainly existed, on evidence derived from the borough records, before 1477: in 1482 it was endowed by the bequest of Richard Felaw, representative of the borough in Parliament, but this endowment was alienated in 1528 for the erection and support of the college founded in Ipswich by Cardinal Wolsey; on the fall of the Cardinal the endowment was seized by the king, who, however, refounded the school by granting it a charter: Queen Elizabeth subsequently, in 1565, renewed, confirmed & enlarged the charter of Henry VIII. & the school has since borne her name: the present buildings were erected in 1851 on a healthy eminence north of the town, the first stone being laid by H.R.H. Prince Consort on the 4th of July in that year; these are of an imposing character & chiefly in the Tudor style, the entrance being a reproduction on a reduced scale of the remaining gateway of Wolsey’s college; in 1852 an elegant school chapel was erected in the Late Perpendicular style, in which daily services are held attended by the whole school; & in 1887 it was enlarged by the addition of a small transept on the south side: the stained east window is a memorial to John E. D. Alston B.A. & John Josselyn, who died in 1863, aged respectively 23 & 17; & on the south side is a painted window to Charles William, son of the Right Rev. F. T. McDougall D.D. some time Bishop of Labuan & Sarawak, who died 3rd June, 1854, aged 10 & is buried in the nave of the chapel, on the floor of which is an inscribed brass; here also is a memorial window erected in 1886 by schoolfellows & friends to Edward Algernon Lofft Holden B.A. of Trinity Hall, Cambridge & son of the Rev. H. A. Holden LL.D, late headmaster, who died at Tunis, N. Africa, 24 May, 1885: on the west wall, mounted on white marble, is a memorial brass erected by William H. Richardson MA. assistant master 1871—80, to Thomas Stephen Hayward Haward, of Chattisham, who died 16 July, 1879, aged 13: another brass was placed in 1900, by former scholars, to the late Rev. Robert Nicholas Sanderson MA. many years sub-master (1869—82), & sometime rector of Wyverstone, who died in 1898. The organ was presented in 1853, during the headmastership of Dr. Rigaud, afterwards Bishop of Antigua (1857—60), and rebuilt by subscription in 1898; adjoining the school on the west is a cricket field of 7 acres, with a small cricket pavilion & surrounded by a pleasant avenue of trees; the premises also comprise three fives courts & other space for recreation, a gymnasium built by subscription at a cost of between £300 & £400, & opened in 1884, & a swimming bath erected in the same year at a cost of £500 by the late Admiral Sir G. Broke-Middleton bart. R.N., C.B. in memory of the naval duel between H.M.S. “Shannon,” commanded by his father, an old Ipswich school boy & the American ship “Chesapeake:” in 1881 the school was reconstituted under a scheme, with increased income & funds, & the buildings have since been enlarged by the addition of three new classrooms, science room, studies for elder boys, new dormitories, bath rooms, sanatorium & a laboratory & workshop: the object of the school is to impart the highest liberal education, preparing for all special & professional purposes, & there is a modern department for boys not requiring advanced classical training. The school possesses a considerable number of valuable scholarships, exhibitions & prizes, as follows:-After leaving: the Albert Scholarship of about £33, tenable for one year at any college or hall at Oxford or Cambridge; Martin, Smart & Pembroke exhibitions, each of £50 & tenable for three years at Oxford or Cambridge; & the Ford studentship of £30, tenable for three years at Trinity College, Oxford. At the school: Ten scholarships of £15 a year, as well as entrance scholarships of £45 & £35 for boarders. Prizes:-Steward (£3), for theology; Lankester, for French & German; Cowell, for classical literature; Members', for Latin Prose;. “Edward Rose,” for English essay; Cobbold for natural science; High Steward’s for modern languages; Head Master’s for Greek Prose & Verse, mathematics & also to the boys best in their respective forms at the Mid-summer examination; Mr. W. Alexander’s for English Verse; Mr. Fenn Cole’s, for drawing; the Rigaud Memorial Prize of £110; Caroline Baines prize of £10 for shorthand, and the Joah Hunt prize, £10. There are now (1900) about 110 boys.

Richard Slator MA., O. P. Arton B.A., J. Evans B.A., F. G. Bakker Ph.D.; C. Cooke & J. Chapman F.N.P.S.; medical attendant, Herbert Brown. M.D.; J. Wilkinson, carpentry; Sergeant Austin, drill; G. Peberdy, cricket professional; junior department, Miss Hunt, mistress. In 1898 Mr. J. Evans opened a boarding house in Anglesea road, known as “Holden house,” in connection with the school.

The Middle School for Boys, Bolton lane, was established under a scheme of the Charity Commissioners, framed in 1881. Terms (which include cost of books & stationery) £5 10s. 6d. or £6 15s. yearly, according to age: excellent arrangements are made for boys whose parents do not reside in Ipswich, in respect of which application should be made to the headmaster. The school curriculum is so arranged as to afford a sound practical education, valuable not only on account of the mental training which it affords, but also for its useful character. It is adapted both for boys who, on leaving, will have to devote themselves to some of the ordinary occupations of commerce, & for those who require suitable elementary preparation for a professional career. Scholarships tenable at the school are upwards of thirty, value £5—£7 per annum; 3—4 Burton Choir Scholarships of same value; two Bulstrode Memorial Scholarships of same value; Head Master’s Scholarship of same value. Prizes open to boys in school:-Those from Ipswich Chamber of Commerce (£6), for commercial subjects; Mr. Gross’s, for mathematics; Messrs. Packard’s, for Chemistry; Dr. Bartlet’s, for the senior boy;Mrs. Bartlet’s for drawing; many others for special subjects in school work & for gymnastics, cricket & swimming. Number of boys in school (1900), 280. Boys are prepared for the London University Matriculation Chamber of Comemrca (Ipswich centre), the Cambridge University Locals, South Kensington Science & Art Examinations, the Civil Service & for scholarships & entrance examinations at the Finsbury Technical School, Mason College, Birmingham &c. Candidates for admission must not be under seven years of age.

The Endowed School for Girls, established under the same scheme as the preceding.

Borough of Ipswich Science, Art & Technical Schools, Frank Woolnough, secretary, Art Division, Museum buildings, High street; W. T. Griffiths, master, Science & Technical Division, Christchurch College.

SCHOOLS, COLLEGES &c

Eastern Counties Dairy Institute: Lady principal.

East Suffolk County Council Technical Instruction Committee, White house, Tower churchyard, Rev. J. F. A. Hervey, chairman.

The High School for Girls, Northgate street, was established about 1875, by the Girls’ Public Day School Co.

Boys’ Grey Coat & Girls’ Blue Coat, Curriers’ lane, erected in 1709, rebuilt in 1876, for 60 boys & 40 girls, & has a full attendance.

District National (boys, girls & infants) (for the parishes of St. Matthew, St. Mary Tower, St. Nicholas, St. Mary-at-Elm, St. Lawrence & St. Mary Key), St. Matthew’s Church lane, erected in 1847, & enlarged in 1856, for 260 boys, 185 girls & 188 infants; average attendance, 240 boys, 189 girls & 183 infants.

St. Mary Stoke, for 270 boys, 180 girls & 200 infants; average attendance, 236 boys, 165 girls & 170 infants.

St. Helen's & St. Clement’s (girls & infants), Woodhouse street, St. Helen's erected about 1847, for 172 girls & 238 infants; average attendance, 170 girls & 300 infants.

St. Peter’s (boys, girls & infants), Grey Friars road, for 219 boys, 217 girls & 161 infants; average attendance, 192 boys, 169 girls & 137 infants.

St. John’s, Cauldwell Hall road (girls & infants), for 175 girls & 307 infants; average attendance, girls 168, infants, 309.

St. Margaret’s (boys), St. Margaret’s green, erected in 1840, for 200 boys; average attendance, 201. Manual instruction in wood work is given by the headmaster.

St. Margaret’s (girls & infants), Old Foundry lane, erected in 1851; has an average attendance of 158 girls & 130 infants.

St. Pancras Catholic (mixed), Cox lane, erected in 1871 & enlarged in 1886, for 150 children; average attendance, 143.

British Turret lane, erected in 1848, for 230 boys, 159 girls & 125 infants; average attendance, 219 boys, 176 girls & 118 infants.

Girls’ Industrial Home, Black Horse lane, St. Matthew’s, instituted in 1857 & holds 45 inmates.