Gaina Surname

45,735th
Most Common
surname in the World

Approximately 11,337 people bear this surname

Most prevalent in:
Romania
Highest density in:
Moldova

Gaina Surname

The meaning of this surname is not listed.

Gaina Surname Distribution Map

PlaceIncidenceFrequencyRank in Area
Romania4,5011:4,461599
Moldova2,9831:1,19496
India1,2841:597,40328,855
Nepal9981:28,5381,141
Papua New Guinea2511:32,4853,773
Russia1961:735,32261,798
Spain1911:244,77515,782
Italy1821:336,02640,511
Indonesia1781:742,97357,103
Transnistria901:5,274935
Nigeria861:2,059,80071,823
Niger831:231,2297,510
Argentina631:678,46746,871
United States371:9,796,187405,931
Benin361:287,10024,014
Canada281:1,315,91492,927
Belgium231:499,85448,667
Germany171:4,735,615183,652
Cameroon141:1,483,50583,777
Israel121:713,13647,700
Poland71:5,429,821146,768
England71:7,959,723202,100
France71:9,488,960336,266
Lithuania61:505,76519,342
Norway51:1,028,45761,363
Kenya41:11,544,97562,419
Portugal41:2,604,56016,079
Uganda41:9,759,820144,676
Austria31:2,838,47893,604
Monaco31:12,3552,088
Australia31:8,998,567200,784
Kazakhstan21:8,841,248174,813
Belarus21:4,750,530139,516
Netherlands21:8,443,588136,641
Sweden21:4,923,378241,212
Thailand21:35,319,172966,191
Turkey11:77,821,422191,047
Slovakia11:5,336,450140,422
Switzerland11:8,212,915156,297
Brazil11:214,074,3321,693,628
Albania11:2,914,05529,474
Vanuatu11:263,2762,086
Venezuela11:30,204,07785,459
Ireland11:4,708,93929,543
Singapore11:5,507,70347,049
Scotland11:5,353,81763,002
Cayman Islands11:63,8932,384
Philippines11:101,238,223404,861
Colombia11:47,774,07244,230
Cuba11:11,522,71617,380
Denmark11:5,644,71593,155
Greece11:11,079,790145,225
New Zealand11:4,528,32355,372
Hong Kong11:7,335,48316,643
Iceland11:380,09011,096
Latvia11:2,050,04660,295
Kyrgyzstan11:5,972,65499,197
PlaceIncidenceFrequencyRank in Area
England11:24,375,369195,128
PlaceIncidenceFrequencyRank in Area
United States51:10,043,737422,899

The alternate forms: Găina (26), Gaïna (24), Gaină (5) & Gäina (1) are calculated separately.

Gaina (5,009) may also be a first name.

Gaina Last Name Facts

Where Does The Last Name Gaina Come From? nationality or country of origin

Gaina (Arabic: غيناء, Georgian: გაინა, Hindi: गैणा, Marathi: गैना, Oriya: ଗାଇନା, Russian: Гаина) occurs more in Romania more than any other country or territory. It may also be rendered as a variant: Găina, Gaïna, Gaină or Gäina. For other possible spellings of Gaina click here.

How Common Is The Last Name Gaina? popularity and diffusion

The surname is the 45,735th most commonly used family name on earth, held by approximately 1 in 642,811 people. The last name occurs predominantly in Europe, where 72 percent of Gaina live; 68 percent live in Eastern Europe and 66 percent live in Romanian Europe. Gaina is also the 96,116th most common first name world-wide, held by 5,009 people.

The last name is most frequently held in Romania, where it is borne by 4,501 people, or 1 in 4,461. In Romania it is most prevalent in: Iași County, where 14 percent are found, Neamț County, where 10 percent are found and Caraș-Severin County, where 10 percent are found. Beside Romania it exists in 56 countries. It is also common in Moldova, where 26 percent are found and India, where 11 percent are found.

Gaina Family Population Trend historical fluctuation

The incidence of Gaina has changed through the years. In The United States the number of people carrying the Gaina surname expanded 740 percent between 1880 and 2014 and in England it expanded 700 percent between 1881 and 2014.

Gaina Last Name Statistics demography

The religious adherence of those holding the Gaina last name is primarily Orthodox (87%) in Russia and Orthodox (80%) in Ukraine.

In The United States Gaina are 25.96% more likely to be registered with the Republican Party than The US average, with 72.73% registered with the political party.

The amount Gaina earn in different countries varies greatly. In Italy they earn 82.94% less than the national average, earning €5,122 per year; in United States they earn 28.96% more than the national average, earning $55,647 USD per year and in Canada they earn 4.92% more than the national average, earning $52,127 CAD per year.

Phonetically Similar Names

SurnameSimilarityWorldwide IncidencePrevalency
Găina9326/
Gaïna9324/
Gaină935/
Gäina931/
Ngaina911,146/
Gayina91903/
Gainau91700/
Ghaina91139/
Gajina9141/
Gainga9141/
Gainat9135/
Gainah9131/
Gainas9121/
Gainad9116/
Gaiana9115/
Gainay9114/
Gainai9113/
Gaisna9112/
Gauina916/
Gainna915/
Gainaj913/
Gainap913/
Gainea911/
Gaiina911/
Gainaț911/
Gana8986,846/
Aina8983,889/
Gina8918,619/
Gaignat83106/
Gajinga8389/
Ngayina8331/
Gaineau8324/
Gainaux836/
Gainaai834/
Gaggina833/
Gainach833/
Ghainah832/
Gayinga832/
Kgainau831/
Ng'aina831/
Ghainai831/
Gaihana831/
Ngajina831/
N'Gaina831/
Ghahina831/
Ghainay831/
Gainaid831/
Gainajh831/
Gayinah831/
Gauna8059,377/
Ganga8049,894/
Ghana8016,261/
Ngina8015,758/
Ganea8013,028/
Ngana8012,699/
Gaini8011,329/
Ganai8010,187/
Guina804,843/
Ganna804,442/
Ainah804,303/
Gaine803,887/
Gaino803,419/
Ganas803,199/
Geana802,997/
Ayina802,875/
Ainat802,551/
Ganaa802,113/
Ganah801,993/
Ainea801,938/
Ajina801,613/
Haina801,350/
Ainas801,274/
Ganap801,121/
Ginah801,106/
Ganat801,035/
Ganau80795/
Goina80709/
Ainau80687/
Ganay80639/
Gagna80564/
Ginna80406/
Aiona80370/
Ganad80339/
Ginay80335/
Ginat80323/
Aiena80303/
Ghina80298/
Aiana80280/
Ainga80275/
Ganaj80262/
Ganaz80252/
Ginai80244/
Ginas80199/
Gamna80161/
Ginau80157/
Ainna80156/
Aimna80144/
Gajna8098/
Gayna8090/
Gaana8086/
Ainoa8086/
Gaena8072/
Ginap8067/
Giena8067/
Ganoa8062/
Ainad8062/
Ainai8057/
Ainaa8053/
Gahna8049/
Ginea8044/
Gatna8041/
Ginad8034/
Gainy8031/
Gasna8028/
Geina8020/
Ainap8018/
Gitna8018/
Ginaj8018/
Aaina8017/
Gigna8015/
Cgina8015/
Ginaz8014/
Gan'a8011/
Auina8011/
Gisna8011/
Aisna808/
Aiina808/
Ginoa807/
Ginaa806/
Ainaz805/
Ainay805/
Țaina804/
Aigna804/
Kgana804/
Aiuna803/
Gainj802/
Hgana802/
Ggina801/
Ainaj801/
Égina801/
Ganéa801/
Ggana801/
Ganaï801/
Aihna801/
Aiyna801/
Gaignaux7713/
Ghaithna771/
Ngajinah771/
Gachinna771/
Gainahas771/
Gainaitė771/
Gaineaux771/
N'Gayina771/
Gaigneau770/
Ana75279,076/
Ina7531,804/
Gaines7358,857/
Gainey7311,973/
Ghinea739,604/
Gainer736,916/
Guinea735,721/
Uggina734,417/
Ganaha733,080/
Gaiani732,716/
Gannat731,499/
Gijana731,498/
Gajana731,142/
Gaioni731,094/
Goiana731,011/
Ghanad73757/
Guinat73703/
Gahana73576/
Gayona73568/
Gouina73501/
Gasnas73415/
Ghanat73395/
Gaione73377/
Gannas73325/
Gayini73309/
Ganach73305/
Aiouna73300/
Nginai73296/
Ajinah73294/
Gangaa73292/
Ngoina73281/
Gayana73259/
Gainet73252/
Ganeau73241/
Guinay73231/
Gannad73224/
Gaigne73210/
Geanah73205/
Gaiano73197/
Gaanna73196/
Ghanna73185/
Gojana73181/
Guitna73180/
Gienau73177/
Hainah73146/
Gajini73145/
Ginapp73144/
Ganash73143/
Gatnau73138/
Genaia73138/
Gannau73136/
Nganai73136/
Gangay73133/
Gaunay73127/
Gahuna73125/
Ganaat73122/
Gijena73117/
Gagnat73114/
Hađina73108/
Gayino73104/
Ghaini7395/
Gainot7395/
Gaisne7394/
Ghanay7394/
Gaunad7389/
Gannah7388/
Ganaya7386/
Goyana7381/
Hainas7380/
Eggina7378/
Geanau7377/
Ginaid7375/
Gujana7372/
Gagnay7372/
Ayinah7371/
Ainatt7371/
Gayuna7370/
Ganaus7369/
Gignat7365/
Ainaud7364/
Ganaut7363/
Goinay7361/
Gienap7361/
Ganaja7360/
Ghanaj7359/
Giyana7358/
Ajinna7358/
Gainyo7356/
Hajina7356/
Ainnah7354/
Nginay7352/
Ginaya7351/
Guinap7350/
Gasnai7349/
Hayina7348/
Ganass7348/
Ngaine7347/
Gasnea7346/
Ganaia7345/
Nganna7344/
Gangaj7343/
Gaynat7343/
Gannaz7341/
Nganea7341/
Nghana7339/
Ginaut7339/
Gannay7337/
Nggana7336/
Ainash7336/
Ajinai7336/
Ghaana7335/
Aihana7332/
Gaunas7332/
Goinau7329/
Ayinna7328/
Gawena7328/
Guinau7327/
Goinea7326/
Gannai7324/
Ginach7322/
Gainou7322/
Geyana7321/
Ainhoa7321/
Hainau7321/
Ghinaj7320/
Gaynas7319/
Ghanaa7318/
Ghamna7318/
Aimnat7318/
Aiyona7318/
Gamnai7318/
Gojina7317/
Gaunaa7317/
Gangau7317/
Ghanas7316/
Guinas7316/
N'Gana7316/
Ghanea7315/
Gainge7315/
Gujina7315/
Gajena7315/
Geanas7315/
Ghanah7315/
Nggina7314/
Gatnay7314/
Guinai7314/
Gagnea7313/
Gajino7313/
Aiunai7313/
Ganhad7312/
Ganats7312/
Ajiona7312/
Gienah7311/
Gayena7311/
Gaunga7311/
Ganatz7311/
Ayinas7310/
Ganaas7310/
Goinai7310/
Giyona7310/
Gangna7310/
Goyina739/
Gaynay739/
Gaenga739/
Hainai739/
Haisna739/
Ganapp738/
Gajnaj738/
Aainaa738/
Ginnea737/
Ghaine737/
Oggina737/
Ganiea737/
Gainee737/
Aimnah737/
Gayine737/
Ganadh737/
Gainie737/
Gignau737/
Ghanau737/
Ginadh737/
Gaugna736/
Gaiane736/
Qugana736/
Ganaai736/
Ganais736/
Ainahu736/
Gienas736/
Ginaat736/
Hainna735/
Ainaph735/
Ghinad735/
Nganau735/
Kganga735/
Gaanga735/
Ghhana735/
Ginaja735/
Gaunai735/
Ngaana735/
Guinad735/
Gehana735/
Goiena735/
Gyiana735/
Geanna734/
Gheina734/
Hainap734/
Gainop734/
Gisnay734/
Guinah734/
Haiuna734/
Aainad734/
Aiinna734/
Ayiena734/
Ginaay734/
Ganaud734/
Guigna734/
Ngeana734/
Gitnah734/
Ngaïna734/
Ginioa734/
Aienna733/
Aihena733/
Gainez733/
Gainny733/
Ng'ana733/
Hainaj733/
Gagnau733/
Gannga733/
Gganga733/
Ganaiy733/
Asinna733/
Gahnah733/
Ainass733/
Gaenai733/
Hainay733/
Ghinai733/
Ginaud733/
Ainnas733/
Gejana733/
Nqgina733/
Ganaah733/
Ganait732/
Ghanap732/
Gajona732/
Gained732/
Ajinaa732/
Hguina732/
Gignas732/
Gainni732/
Gaytna732/
Ngauna732/
Gueina732/
Guinaz732/
Gejina732/
Gainit732/
Ghatna732/
Aainna732/
Ainais732/
Atinna732/
Gaunna732/
Gasnay732/
Aianat732/
Gaingo732/
Gainhe732/
Hainea732/
Ghinaa732/
Ghagna732/
Ngahna732/
Gaieno732/
Ghoina732/
Ganatt731/
Gaaini731/
Gaanaa731/
Gueana731/
Gaynah731/
Gaynoa731/
Gannaa731/
Gannap731/
Gannea731/
Gannoa731/
Gahnay731/
Gainui731/
Gaiyni731/
Gajuna731/
Gaenna731/
Ganaad731/
Ganahy731/
Ganaph731/
Ganeas731/
Ginahe731/
Ginasz731/
Ghinay731/
Hainaa731/
Hainat731/
Haiona731/
Aionna731/
Aienas731/
Aignah731/
Aignas731/
Aignea731/
Aggina731/
Ajimna731/
Uanina731/
Gainis731/
Gaineh731/
Gainio731/
Geinah731/
Gaumna731/
Goimna731/
Aihina731/
Ayinaa731/
Ginahy731/
Ginatt731/
Ginast731/
Ainait731/
Gasnat731/
Hganga731/
Ngeina731/
Nganay731/
Nganaï731/
Gayïna731/
Geanay731/
Gannna731/
Gasnaş731/
Gatnah731/
Gaunah731/
Gaunaç731/
Gaunea731/
Giyena731/
Haigna731/
Giejna731/
Gienat731/
Ginaha731/
Ginajt731/
Ginaux731/
Ghauna731/
Gahnau731/
Gaieni731/
Gaigni731/
Gainid731/
Gainip731/
Gainno731/
Ganahu731/
Ganasz731/
Aiinas731/
Aiunaa731/
Ainaas731/
Ainatz731/
Aingna731/
Ainnad731/
Aionaz731/
Ahiana731/
Ajiena731/
Aaimna731/
Auiana731/
Ayinea731/
Ganhoa731/
Cganga731/
Aineas731/
Ainnea731/
Aingau731/
Ainnap731/
Aihyna731/
Aieena731/
Aimnas731/
Ayinha731/
Aujina731/
Ganays731/
Gaiene731/
Gaanay731/
Gisnas731/
Ghanaz731/
Ainaus730/
Gaignault7153/
Gaigneaux7114/
Gani67254,536/
Anas67175,256/
Hana67103,382/
Anad6739,194/
Anna6737,494/
Gano6717,308/
Hina6717,037/
Gany6716,410/
Amna6715,855/
Inna6713,888/
Anah6712,524/
Gane6711,808/
Inah6711,498/
Ganj6710,729/
Gena679,454/
Inoa677,831/
Asna677,556/
Jina677,549/
Inai676,518/
Ayna676,491/
Inay674,653/
Yina674,475/
Inaç674,343/
Anay674,208/
Anaç674,005/
Aino673,403/
Anap673,044/
Igna672,802/
Ganh672,492/
Anat672,452/
Ghanaat672,250/
Hainaut672,167/
Gaña672,136/
Ghannad672,082/
Gine672,014/
Inat671,855/
Agna671,724/
Inas671,671/
Iona671,381/
Anaz671,359/
Gainous671,314/
Auna671,261/
Aena671,218/
Isna671,079/
Anau671,018/
Goineau67876/
Eana67788/
Atna67707/
Anaa67690/
Anea67686/
Ghoinay67624/
Inap67576/
Inau67576/
Guinaid67559/
Gayanga67517/
İnağ67512/
Gienapp67438/
Ghanadh67363/
Inaa67351/
Inaz67350/
Inad67338/
Hainaux67314/
Iena67294/
Gagnaux67289/
Aïna67281/
Ngiyana67278/
Ng'oina67275/
Ahna67270/
Hayinah67244/
Aana67225/
Ghannat67222/
Ngayana67216/
Eina67214/
Gasenna67209/
Ganneau67203/
Guignat67180/
Gaingne67173/
Anoa67171/
Ngayino67164/
Gaignet67163/
Uina67160/
Oina67150/
Ghanaia67140/
Gangaya67127/
Guinaat67123/
Gasnash67121/
Gaigner67120/
Ginh67117/
Gauneau67110/
Anaj67105/
Ghannay67104/
Gainnet67104/
Guineau67103/
Giné6798/
Gayonga6797/
Hainaud6794/
Guinaud6791/
Guinait6784/
Gojanaj6782/
Gawenat6781/
Egna6779/
Ginj6779/
Ajna6778/
Gană6778/
Ghanash6775/
Goyanna6772/
Gajanna6772/
Gayanna6767/
Gayenga6766/
Gasneau6758/
Goinhas6753/
Ngijana6749/
Ngeyana6749/
Ginó6747/
Aiahnna6745/
Goinaud6745/
Gajanai6745/
Gayinge6745/
Imna6742/
Guinais6742/
Guggina6741/
Guineas6739/
Ganault6738/
Geaneas6738/
Ganaish6738/
Inea6736/
Ghayini6735/
Ajinath6733/
Ayinnah6732/
Oggiana6730/
Ginaitt6729/
Goeyana6728/
Gajanga6728/
Gajingi6727/
Gaignot6727/
Øina6725/
Giny6723/
Gyna6723/
Gainnie6722/
Aîna6722/
Ghannaj6721/
Gisnapp6720/
Inaj6719/
Ihna6719/
Gaagnai6719/
Ngouina6718/
Gaignou6717/
Ghannas6717/
Gýna6716/
Ganouha6716/
Gainher6715/
Ngajine6715/
Gangnat6714/
Hajinah6714/
Ghainje6714/
Gannait6714/
Gajanay6714/
Ganahay6714/
Inaš6714/
Ainahhj6713/
Gheinay6713/
Ngannai6713/
Gajenna6712/
Ngejana6712/
Ugginna6711/
Gaujena6711/
Gatneau6711/
Gaitner6710/
Gahaine6710/
Ngoyana6710/
Ggaynah679/
Achinna678/
Hasinna678/
Gangaja678/
Ijna678/
Itna678/
Gína678/
Gahunay678/
Gannadh677/
Gainnes677/
Gujanna677/
Gainett677/
Gangaia676/
Gahanna676/
Gayneau676/
Ghenaia676/
Ghainiy676/
Đana676/
Ngujana676/
Ghanaya675/
Ganeaux675/
Ganeach675/
Ghainer675/
Ngayona675/
Ghannah675/
Geanaus675/
Ngayena675/
Uuggina674/
Gaggine674/
Gajenga674/
Gannash674/
Geegana674/
Gayanas674/
Ainaowa674/
Guisnay674/
Gané674/
Gajanah674/
Gajanaj674/
Ghatnay673/
Gaajana673/
Egginna673/
Ganeash673/
Gajnath673/
Gijanna673/
Ghanaut673/
Gaisner673/
Haihana673/
Ghayana673/
Ngannah673/
Aimneat673/
Gangnai673/
Gaunnay673/
Guinaph673/
Nghanaj673/
Ngoyina673/
Gaineys672/
Hainaha672/
Gainess672/
Kgaines672/
Gayanai672/
Gayingi672/
Gainesh672/
Ainá672/
Goianas672/
Gagiene672/
Gagnaas672/
Gaangay672/
Ganó672/
Ginè672/
Gueigna672/
Ința672/
N'Ganna672/
Ygna672/
Aignaux672/
Gaynash671/
Gannaya671/
N'Gauna671/
Ng'uina671/
Ngaiune671/
Nginhea671/
Huggina671/
Egienna671/
Goyanas671/
Gueinna671/
Gaweena671/
Gayiner671/
Ghaines671/
Ghanhas671/
Gatenna671/
Gannaid671/
Gaggena671/
Gahagna671/
Gahanay671/
Gaienne671/
Gaiiner671/
Gainith671/
Gainner671/
Gaiouni671/
Gaitnes671/
Ganaaie671/
Ganahaj671/
Ganahiy671/
Ganaova671/
Gangajj671/
Ginahaj671/
Ginhahe671/
Giyanaj671/
Ghijnay671/
Hainaph671/
Hajinad671/
Goinaid671/
Gooyana671/
Aiynnah671/
Aianait671/
Aihasna671/
Agginna671/
Anđa671/
Attinna671/
Ugginaa671/
Gignapp671/
Hainnau671/
Gaineer671/
Gahnnah671/
Asinnah671/
Ayinoha671/
Gêna671/
Hauhina671/
Inaí671/
Inaï671/
Kgajana671/
Ngannau671/
Ngeanah671/
Ngauena671/
Ngayuna671/
Ngaanna671/
N'Ganai671/
N'Ganaï671/
Đina671/
Gayemna671/
Gayigne671/
Gayinou671/
Gayunga671/
Gayanap671/
Gawenoa671/
Gañi671/
Ganngay671/
Gaunaah671/
Gounaia671/
Gouhina671/
Goinnas671/
Guiyana671/
Guinaay671/
Guinead671/
Guignad671/
Hahaina671/
Hajinay671/
Hajinna671/
Haiouna671/
Géna671/
Ha'aina671/
Ghahana671/
Ghanaah671/
Ghanaja671/
Ghangna671/
Ghainho671/
Giggena671/
Ghuinay671/
Genhaia671/
Ginaowa671/
Gină671/
Gahanap671/
Gahiani671/
Gahnaut671/
Gaianes671/
Gaignie671/
Gainney671/
Gainnou671/
Gaioune671/
Gaitnis671/
Aigneau671/
Ainault671/
Aiña671/
Aína671/
Anéa671/
Ainaast671/
Goinhat671/
Ghaanad671/
Gajeena671/
Ng'inai671/
Ngojana671/
Ghaitni671/
Ghanioa671/
Ghouina671/
Gajunna671/
Gangnap671/
Goojana671/
Gayinne671/
Ainneah671/
Aignass671/
Aiemnai671/
Awienna671/
Ganheat671/
Guinapp671/
Gjna671/
Gaignes670/
Ganahie670/
Haineau670/
Guinaus670/
Guinass670/
Ginaust670/
Gueanna670/
Aineaux670/
Haineas670/
Gannaia670/
Gannatt670/
Gagnaut670/
Ghaingo670/

Gaina Name Transliterations

TransliterationICU LatinPercentage of Incidence
Gaina in the Georgian language
გაინაgaina-
Gaina in the Marathi language
गैनाgaina90.48
गैणाgaina2.38
गाईनga'ina2.38
गोिंवदाgoinvada2.38
गैनाावणgainaavana2.38
Gaina in the Hindi language
गैणाgaina51.93
गैनाgaina46.09
गैंणाgainna0.7
गैङgaina0.35
गेैणाgeaina0.23
गइनाga'ina0.23
गेनाgena0.12
गईनाga'ina0.12
ग्ौनाgauna0.12
Gaina in the Oriya language
ଗାଇନାga'ina40
ଗଇନାga'ina20
ଗଇନga'ina10
ଗାଇନga'ina10
ଗାଈନାga'ina5
ଗଇଁଆga'ima5
ଗଈନga'ina5
ଗାଏନାga'ena5
Gaina in the Russian language
Гаинаgaina-
Gaina in the Arabic language
غيناءghyna-

Search for Another Surname

The name statistics are still in development, sign up for information on more maps and data

By signing up to the mailing list you will only receive emails specifically about name reference on Forebears and your information will not be distributed to 3rd parties.

Footnotes

  • Surnames are taken as the first part of an person's inherited family name, caste, clan name or in some cases patronymic
  • Name distribution statistics are generated from a global database of over 4 billion people - more information
  • Heatmap: Dark red means there is a higher occurrence of the name, transitioning to light yellow signifies a progressively lower occurrence. Clicking on selected countries will show mapping at a regional level
  • Rank: Name are ranked by incidence using the ordinal ranking method; the name that occurs the most is assigned a rank of 1; name that occur less frequently receive an incremented rank; if two or more name occur the same number of times they are assigned the same rank and successive rank is incremented by the total preceeding names
  • Ethnic group cannot necessarily be determined by geographic occurrence
  • Similar: Names listed in the "Similar" section are phonetically similar and may not have any relation to Gaina
  • To find out more about this surname's family history, lookup records on Family​Search, My​Heritage, FindMyPast and Ancestry. Further information may be obtained by DNA analysis