Osman Surname

254th
Most Common
surname in the World

Approximately 2,107,287 people bear this surname

Most prevalent in:
Sudan
Highest density in:
Sudan

Osman Surname Definition:

This surname is derived from the name of an ancestor. 'the son of Osmond,' the Scandinavian Asmundr; compare Wyman for Wymond, and Mayman for Maymond. This personal name gave rise to several local names; v. Osmotherly, and compare.

John de Osemundeston Norfolk, 1273.

Read More About This Surname

Osman Surname Distribution Map

PlaceIncidenceFrequencyRank in Area
Sudan964,8871:395
Somalia237,1831:5711
Egypt208,2761:44144
Eritrea108,5081:447
Yemen85,5641:30929
Kenya63,6571:725110
Syria60,7491:31842
Saudi Arabia50,0061:61735
Somaliland45,5091:7720
Ethiopia37,6691:2,590452
Bangladesh26,9451:5,914535
Mozambique19,1571:1,423347
Jordan18,3351:48247
Iraq17,6901:1,980251
Ghana16,0021:1,689277
Djibouti13,8811:6617
Lebanon13,0511:43263
Libya12,3471:50692
Malaysia11,5291:2,558385
Bulgaria9,6711:72285
United States8,6361:41,9715,157
England7,0221:7,9351,164
Malawi6,9801:2,453298
Palestine6,2301:73087
South Africa5,8431:9,2721,160
South Sudan5,8131:1,964387
United Arab Emirates3,4611:2,647328
India3,4431:222,79013,166
Kuwait3,3751:1,126117
Angola3,3521:8,0521,020
Romania2,3371:8,5911,129
Sweden1,8751:5,252495
Canada1,7731:20,7812,867
Philippines1,7161:58,9979,932
Brunei1,5151:27645
Afghanistan1,5111:21,2791,070
Australia1,4511:18,6052,592
Sri Lanka1,1691:17,8002,457
Turkey1,1641:66,8576,289
Qatar1,1111:2,122181
Indonesia9901:133,58513,333
Poland8961:42,4206,644
Iran8891:86,3708,724
Germany8841:91,07011,446
Morocco8521:40,4656,572
Bahrain8381:1,609228
Oman7981:4,622671
Pakistan7031:254,1165,702
Tanzania6121:86,5068,774
Greece5981:18,5282,650
Argentina5961:71,7176,093
Netherlands4241:39,8286,746
Thailand3821:184,91730,322
Norway3771:13,6401,560
Denmark3711:15,2151,489
Russia3631:397,03338,405
Nigeria3551:498,99424,920
Tunisia3291:1,856194
Spain3161:147,94910,970
Belgium2411:47,7047,759
Israel2391:35,8064,971
Ukraine2361:192,89326,203
North Macedonia2301:9,1371,535
Colombia2281:209,5355,026
Uganda2221:175,85314,786
France2171:306,09546,684
Venezuela2131:141,8034,479
Brazil2121:1,009,78535,690
New Zealand1941:23,3424,099
Mauritius1871:6,9171,428
Wales1811:17,0971,856
Northern Cyprus1621:1,969224
Kazakhstan1551:114,08112,229
Croatia1491:28,3805,853
Switzerland1411:58,2487,350
Austria1381:61,7069,592
Albania1181:24,6954,085
Chile1061:166,1935,518
Zimbabwe1001:154,38219,513
DR Congo961:769,57954,223
Portugal941:110,8325,195
Finland931:59,1046,879
Estonia921:14,3672,255
Moldova901:39,5716,032
Ireland891:52,9093,746
Italy831:736,82861,221
Scotland761:70,4455,436
Guyana721:10,5861,563
Hong Kong561:130,9912,371
Zambia531:299,05516,868
Singapore471:117,1854,783
Uzbekistan441:702,93514,831
Mexico431:2,886,65622,491
Saint Lucia411:4,361618
China371:36,954,6371,973
Azerbaijan361:268,0316,422
Botswana331:66,27111,607
Czechia331:322,22640,051
Serbia301:238,16513,506
Northern Ireland291:63,6224,809
Panama281:139,7244,684
New Caledonia261:10,6242,723
Sierra Leone251:283,585406
Niger191:1,010,10622,252
Senegal191:767,3342,735
Lesotho181:112,92011,579
Burundi161:612,803644
Jamaica151:191,3305,833
Kosovo151:124,1256,042
Trinidad and Tobago151:90,9326,341
Liberia141:314,89517,893
Papua New Guinea111:741,24783,447
Uruguay111:311,97820,848
Algeria101:3,863,15547,113
Belize101:35,5472,218
British Virgin Islands101:3,159366
Cameroon101:2,076,907105,188
Belarus91:1,055,67372,859
Japan91:14,204,92146,388
Iceland71:54,2993,881
Bahamas51:78,350887
Ecuador51:3,181,16927,617
Haiti51:2,136,78115,037
Kyrgyzstan51:1,194,53165,188
Monaco51:7,4131,114
Seychelles41:23,0981,012
Burkina Faso31:6,117,36722,156
Cambodia31:5,162,38210,688
Cuba31:3,840,90513,116
Honduras31:2,938,8147,190
Luxembourg31:193,5147,046
Taiwan31:7,814,91541,694
Armenia21:1,465,09016,492
Bosnia and Herzegovina21:1,768,20116,841
Congo21:2,494,54828,763
Costa Rica21:2,390,03410,205
Georgia21:1,872,77235,618
South Korea21:25,620,1284,175
Transnistria21:237,35016,204
Aruba11:103,4772,586
Bolivia11:10,616,43417,077
Comoros11:749,524685
El Salvador11:6,343,8888,415
Fiji11:894,3914,568
Guatemala11:16,082,66812,169
Hungary11:9,816,27773,288
Isle of Man11:85,8224,091
Ivory Coast11:23,071,23276,679
Latvia11:2,050,04660,295
Madagascar11:23,649,8379,420
Maldives11:404,1727,269
Mali11:16,969,0354,067
Malta11:430,2723,380
Mauritania11:4,094,86338,869
Mongolia11:2,825,28917,010
Myanmar11:51,937,9852,166
Nicaragua11:6,021,0908,768
Paraguay11:7,236,74616,511
Peru11:31,784,12364,452
Rwanda11:11,364,9785,947
San Marino11:33,214932
Slovakia11:5,336,450140,422
Slovenia11:2,487,67531,128
Tajikistan11:8,386,69212,859
United States Virgin Islands11:110,3756,934
Vietnam11:92,646,0548,382
PlaceIncidenceFrequencyRank in Area
Ireland71:632,83819,259
PlaceIncidenceFrequencyRank in Area
England1,0551:23,1053,221
Wales331:47,5282,451
Scotland91:415,91311,811
PlaceIncidenceFrequencyRank in Area
United States5801:86,5848,992

The alternate forms: Osmán (2), Osmań (1) & Ösman (1) are calculated separately.

Osman (1,402,553) may also be a first name.

Osman Surname Meaning

From Where Does The Surname Originate? meaning and history

This surname is derived from the name of an ancestor. 'the son of Osmond,' the Scandinavian Asmundr; compare Wyman for Wymond, and Mayman for Maymond. This personal name gave rise to several local names; v. Osmotherly, and compare.

John de Osemundeston Norfolk, 1273. Hundred Rolls.

Geoffrey Osmund, Devon, ibid.

Nicholas Osemund, Surrey, ibid.

Richard Osmund, Middlesex, 1313. Writs of Parliament.

John Osmond, Hertfordshire., 1315. Writs of Parliament.

1603. Buried — Thomas Osmond: St. Thomas the Apostle (London).

1649. Married — William Bannister and Margaret Osman: ibid.

Edward, son of Edward Osman, 1658: Reg. Broad Chalke, Wiltshire.

John, son of Edward Osmand, 1660: ibid.

Grace, d. of Edward Osmund, 1663: ibid.

1788. Married — Charles Ballard and Sarah Osmon: St. George, Hanover Square.

A Dictionary of English and Welsh Surnames (1896) by Charles Wareing Endell Bardsley

(Teutonic) 1 for Ostman (East Man), the name given to a Danish settler in Ireland [Dano-Norwegian öst, east] 2 for Osmund, q.v.

Surnames of the United Kingdom (1912) by Henry Harrison

(English) Descendant of Osmund (divine protector).

Dictionary of American Family Names (1956) by Elsdon Coles Smith

The Anglo-Saxon personal name.

Patronymica Britannica (1860) by Mark Antony Lower

From the German, Ossmann; a personal name.

British Family Names: Their Origin and Meaning (1903) by Henry Barber

User-submitted Reference

(English, Irish) This surname means 'son of Osmond', an Anglo-Saxon personal name.

- dinn315

(Turkish, Arabic) The Osman surname means 'Ottoman'.

- jannah

Osman Last Name Facts

Where Does The Last Name Osman Come From? nationality or country of origin

Osman (Arabic: عثمّان, Bengali: ওসমান, Georgian: ოსმან, Hassaniya-Arabic: ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ, Hindi: ओस्मान, Marathi: मान, Oriya: ଉସମାନ, Russian: Осман, Tibetan: ཨོས་མན་) occurs in Sudan more than any other country or territory. It can also be rendered as a variant: Osmán, Osmań or Ösman. For other possible spellings of this name click here.

How Common Is The Last Name Osman? popularity and diffusion

Osman is the 254th most frequently used surname in the world, held by approximately 1 in 3,458 people. The last name is predominantly found in Africa, where 83 percent of Osman are found; 56 percent are found in North Africa and 56 percent are found in Arabic North Africa. It is also the 546th most prevalent first name at a global level. It is borne by 1,402,553 people.

The last name is most widely held in Sudan, where it is borne by 964,887 people, or 1 in 39. Besides Sudan this surname occurs in 165 countries. It is also common in Somalia, where 11 percent are found and Egypt, where 10 percent are found.

Osman Family Population Trend historical fluctuation

The occurrence of Osman has changed through the years. In The United States the number of people who held the Osman last name expanded 1,489 percent between 1880 and 2014; in England it expanded 666 percent between 1881 and 2014; in Wales it expanded 548 percent between 1881 and 2014; in Ireland it expanded 1,271 percent between 1901 and 2014 and in Scotland it expanded 844 percent between 1881 and 2014.

Osman Last Name Statistics demography

The religious adherence of those bearing the surname is principally Anglican (100%) in Ireland, Muslim (92%) in Russia, Muslim (100%) in Kazakhstan, Muslim (93%) in Kenya, Sunni (75%) in Lebanon and Orthodox (88%) in Ukraine.

In The United States Osman are 2.69% more likely to be registered Democrats than The US average, with 50.54% being registered to vote for the party.

The amount Osman earn in different countries varies greatly. In Italy they earn 64.01% less than the national average, earning €10,808 per year; in Norway they earn 29.6% less than the national average, earning 243,648 kr per year; in South Africa they earn 50.95% more than the national average, earning R 358,704 per year; in Colombia they earn 41.06% more than the national average, earning $32,023,900 COP per year; in United States they earn 6.2% less than the national average, earning $40,472 USD per year and in Canada they earn 9.86% less than the national average, earning $44,782 CAD per year.

Phonetically Similar Names

SurnameSimilarityWorldwide IncidencePrevalency
Osmán932/
Osmań931/
Ösman931/
Ousman91166,252/
Osmaan917,442/
Ossman915,641/
Osmane913,839/
Hosman912,487/
Gosman912,420/
Oesman911,004/
Oshman91666/
Osmann91359/
Osmand91356/
Oosman91272/
Otsman9195/
Oszman9163/
Osmant9153/
Ohsman9128/
Osmain918/
Uosman917/
Oisman913/
Osmman912/
Osmasn911/
Oysman911/
Oxsman911/
Osmanq911/
Oman8934,883/
Ousmane83185,289/
Otsmane835,901/
Gossman833,181/
Housman832,996/
Gousman831,616/
Ousmand831,487/
Ossmann83807/
Goosman83459/
Hosmann83410/
Hossman83382/
Oschman83281/
Hosmane83255/
Hoesman83243/
Hodsman83190/
Gohsman83178/
Hotsman83161/
Oussman83137/
Hoosman83104/
Ossmane8387/
Oesmann8385/
Hoshman8382/
Otsmann8375/
Hoszman8359/
Goshman8357/
Gosmain8331/
Ohsmann8330/
Goisman8329/
Ottsman8323/
Hoisman8322/
Ousmaan8315/
Ousmann8315/
Ousmman8310/
Ouysman838/
Ousmãan837/
Othsman837/
Âousman836/
Oismane835/
Oushman834/
Hoysman834/
Uosmane834/
Oshmann832/
Ooshman832/
Ousmanh832/
Ouszman832/
Oszmann832/
Oudsman832/
Otshman832/
Oscmann831/
Osmatin831/
Hohsman831/
Hosmanh831/
Goszman831/
Oshmane831/
Oujsman831/
Ousmamn831/
Ousmanq831/
Ousmant831/
Oshmand831/
Oddsman831/
Oossman831/
Gosmman831/
Oeshman830/
Usman802,431,925/
Homan8024,006/
Asman8017,148/
Otman8012,935/
Goman808,815/
Omane808,298/
Omang805,350/
Esman804,081/
Ohman803,007/
Oyman802,175/
Osmon801,733/
Oxman801,378/
Omand80726/
Omann80613/
Ouman80384/
Osmam80373/
Ozman80238/
Omgan80130/
Omant8077/
Ocman8068/
Omaan8067/
Oiman8046/
Omman8043/
Ojman8037/
Ooman8018/
Omain8015/
Omean802/
Omanh802/
Omayn802/
O'Man802/
Uoman801/
Omhan801/
Úsman801/
Osmanova7730,407/
Oschmann772,943/
Gossmann772,217/
Goosmann77676/
Hossmann77518/
Hoshmand77345/
Oussmane77236/
Hoesmann77164/
Goussman7747/
Ousmanne7732/
Ouysmane7731/
Housmann7728/
Housmane7725/
Ousmmane7725/
Osmanová7725/
Ousmaane7723/
Hoishman7714/
Hoessman7713/
Gohsmann7712/
Goschman7711/
Houshman7710/
Ousmamne777/
Hooshman775/
Housmand775/
Hoitsman775/
Ousmaine773/
Hootsman772/
Houssman772/
Gousmman772/
Hoosmann772/
Ousmãane772/
Houtsman771/
Hottsman771/
Houscman771/
Hoosmand771/
Hoschman771/
Gousmann771/
Osmahane771/
Outsmane771/
Goismann771/
Ouzsmane771/
Ousmajne771/
Âousmane771/
Osmanowa771/
Otsmaine771/
Goossman770/
Oschmain770/
Osmassin770/
Othman73237,368/
Gusman7318,186/
Homann7314,211/
Otmane7311,902/
Ashman7311,852/
Osmond7311,348/
Outman738,343/
Ausman735,784/
Hohman735,190/
Ochman734,637/
Asmane734,472/
Gomaan733,838/
Husman733,055/
Osmont732,201/
Ottman732,058/
Hasman731,967/
Essman731,736/
Usmane731,405/
Ohmann731,372/
Utsman73839/
Homman73821/
Hooman73784/
Assman73780/
Gasman73767/
Asmand73752/
Ushman73720/
Gouman73697/
Oumane73676/
Houman73666/
Homand73666/
Hozman73620/
Hotman73583/
Gozman73570/
Eshman73523/
Esmann73510/
Usmaan73462/
Hojman73412/
Hoyman73408/
Homane73400/
Asmann73396/
Hoiman73358/
Oomane73337/
Hesman73329/
Aasman73322/
Oßmann73283/
Oomman73242/
Goyman73230/
Ouzman73198/
Aszman73189/
Asmaun73170/
Uusman73161/
Usmann73148/
Goiman73140/
Oymann73137/
Hoşman73135/
Asmain73132/
Ussman73131/
Homant73131/
Usmman73123/
Eusman73117/
Gooman73105/
Huoman73104/
Hosmon7392/
Gojman7391/
Usmain7381/
Asmang7374/
Otmang7372/
Omahne7366/
Ooyman7365/
Ehsman7364/
Uisman7349/
Ahsman7348/
Gomanh7348/
Gomman7346/
Hocman7342/
Hošman7342/
Oimann7341/
Goșman7335/
Usmang7331/
Gomain7331/
Oijman7331/
Esmain7330/
Hoșman7329/
Ommang7326/
Homaan7325/
O'Mant7322/
Gosmon7322/
Atsman7322/
Oumman7319/
Usmand7318/
Oyhman7317/
Asmaan7316/
Uhsman7316/
Usmaun7315/
Usmanh7314/
Asmant7313/
Homaun7312/
Goşman7311/
Homang7310/
Usmant739/
O'mann738/
Omaine737/
Usmasn737/
Udsman737/
Eszman737/
Oihman736/
Ouhman736/
Ommane735/
Uzsman735/
Ousmam735/
Uotman734/
Ozmane734/
Usmamn734/
Oosmon734/
Oezman733/
Ozmant733/
Omahan733/
Osmone733/
Ajsman733/
Homain733/
Hoxman732/
Ujsman732/
Usmhan732/
Ozmand732/
Gomhan732/
Uysman732/
Ootman732/
Homhan732/
Azsman732/
Asmanh732/
Omandh731/
Osmein731/
Oimang731/
Ascman731/
Adsman731/
Omangh731/
Omeaun731/
Usmean731/
Hüsman731/
Homajn731/
Homatn731/
Omatnh731/
Ommand731/
Omhand731/
Oucman731/
Otmman731/
Oumand731/
Oizman731/
Uszman731/
Ósmann731/
Șoiman731/
Goëman731/
Gomahn731/
Oomang731/
Usmatn731/
Otmain731/
Oumant731/
Oumhan731/
Ohyman731/
Osmong731/
Oumang731/
O'Mean730/
Ossmon730/
Ousmon730/
Esmaun730/
Homamn730/
Houshmand7122,832/
Hooshmand71407/
Hosmanová7140/
Oshmanova7125/
Goschmann7115/
Ousmanova719/
Hosmanova713/
Osmaanova712/
Hoessmann712/
Outhsmane711/
Housssman711/
Hoschmand711/
Hoschmann711/
Oussmaane711/
Ossmanova711/
Aman67275,860/
Hohmann6727,860/
Huisman6721,222/
Assmann679,960/
Othmane679,485/
Hausman675,618/
Hochman675,597/
Husmann675,429/
Houtman673,760/
Omon672,940/
Gassman672,896/
Omanova672,696/
Huysman671,592/
Outmane671,289/
Outhman671,204/
Hootman671,170/
Houmane671,118/
Hassman671,098/
Essmann671,046/
Gohmann67865/
Gussman67827/
Hessman67819/
Gausman67799/
Hashman67791/
Houmann67746/
Hussman67744/
Omam67733/
Esmahan67625/
Hooyman67603/
Gushman67549/
Hottman67521/
Hasmann67501/
Ouhmane67448/
Hoymann67365/
Hutsman67357/
Eschman67354/
Goumain67339/
Oumhand67295/
Ahsmann67228/
Aschman67225/
Ausmann67190/
Hommann67174/
Asmahan67169/
Ouzzman67138/
Hushman67137/
Hommane67136/
Hoßmann67132/
Aszmann67131/
Hommand67128/
Heusman67126/
Goymann67108/
Houmand67100/
Ooijman6797/
Goizman6792/
Heshman6791/
Oidtman6786/
Gaszman6781/
Goyzman6779/
Goihman6776/
Goijman6770/
Aasmann6758/
Eesmann6757/
Assmane6755/
Ottmane6750/
Ausmane6747/
Huhsman6743/
Hatsman6739/
Áman6738/
Goyhman6735/
Ozmacin6731/
Hoimann6730/
Asmaine6729/
Huusman6727/
Oitmann6726/
Hoizman6725/
Gusmain6725/
Ussmann6725/
Husmand6724/
Hüsmann6723/
Homhaun6723/
Goozman6720/
Omachen6720/
Houmman6720/
Hozmann6719/
Uthsman6715/
Houschmand6714/
Ussmane6712/
Ashmaun6712/
Gojzman6712/
Hoijman6711/
Ashmand6711/
Hoshmanova6711/
Gouzman6710/
Oth'man6710/
Gahsman6710/
Oumaten6710/
Hoßmang679/
Ouzmane679/
Oummane679/
Aasmane678/
Ehsmann678/
Gommann678/
Hoomand677/
Uhsmann677/
Guszman677/
Hgusman677/
Uszmant677/
Hasmain676/
Hasmane676/
Hocmann676/
Aushman676/
Hesmann676/
Ausmand675/
Othmand675/
Uusmann675/
Othmman675/
Hothman674/
Guzsman674/
Ossmond674/
Omachin674/
Oumayne674/
Ochmane674/
Hajsman674/
Asmatin673/
Assmain673/
Hosmone673/
Husmane673/
Homaune673/
Homayne673/
Oomaung673/
Othmaan673/
Oyhmane673/
Osmonnd673/
Otthman673/
Oudjman673/
Haszman673/
Ushmand672/
Hohhman672/
Oichman672/
Husmain672/
Aussman672/
Haasman672/
Osmondd672/
Hommaun672/
Asmmane672/
Goumman672/
Hasmand672/
Houmain672/
Omanová672/
Hoomaan672/
Oumaine672/
Omasing671/
Hozzman671/
O'Maine671/
Ouhtman671/
Ousmond671/
Oussmon671/
Oittman671/
Heesman671/
Houzman671/
Hoymand671/
Huotman671/
Hoomain671/
Hocmman671/
Hohmman671/
Hossmon671/
Eausman671/
Eushman671/
Arzsman671/
Ashmanh671/
Eshmann671/
Aashman671/
Oumaane671/
Atsmane671/
Oumahnd671/
Husmant671/
Usmanhh671/
Osmoung671/
Houmang671/
Homaing671/
Homaten671/
Hoczman671/
Omañ671/
Omaaine671/
Ouchman671/
Oumahan671/
Ousmoun671/
Óman671/
Goumgan671/
Gousmon671/
Gozmann671/
Adsmain671/
Assmahn671/
Ausmaun671/
Asmamne671/
Oithman671/
Hoyzman671/
Hohmamn671/
Gaasman671/
Usmaaan671/
Oumhane671/
Ouzmann671/
Oiczman671/
Oummang671/
Oumasen671/
Othmanh671/
Othmant671/
Oythman671/
Ashmaan671/
Ashmant671/
Goomman671/
Hoymane671/
Hosmond670/
Hudsman670/
Gashman670/
Housmon670/
Haesman670/
Hoitman670/
Asszman670/
Aeshman670/
Asmasen670/
Hommang670/
Outmand670/
Hoytman670/
Horzman670/

Osman Name Transliterations

TransliterationICU LatinPercentage of Incidence
Osman in the Georgian language
ოსმანosman-
Osman in the Tibetan language
ཨོས་མན་ömen-
Osman in the Marathi language
मानmana69.77
्मानmana10.47
उसमानusamana9.3
ओसमानosamana3.49
ओसामानosamana2.33
मनmana1.16
ओसमाosama1.16
Osman in the Hassaniya-Arabic language
ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥthman50
ﻋﺴﻤﺎﻥsman50
Osman in the Hindi language
ओस्मानosmana50
ओसमानosamana40
उसमानusamana10
Osman in the Oriya language
ଉସମାନusamana50
ଓସାନ୍osan50
Osman in the Bengali language
ওসমানosamana42.86
উচমানucamana28.57
উসমানusamana28.57
Osman in the Russian language
Османosman-
Osman in the Arabic language
عثمّانthman-
اوسمانawsman-
أصمانasman-
عصمانsman-
عتمانtman-
عثمانthman-

Search for Another Surname

Osman Reference & Research

Oseman One-name Study - A profile of the Oseman surname with contact details for a researcher who collects any information pertaining to it.

The name statistics are still in development, sign up for information on more maps and data

By signing up to the mailing list you will only receive emails specifically about name reference on Forebears and your information will not be distributed to 3rd parties.

Footnotes

  • Surnames are taken as the first part of an person's inherited family name, caste, clan name or in some cases patronymic
  • Descriptions may contain details on the name's etymology, origin, ethnicity and history. They are largely reproduced from 3rd party sources; diligence is advised on accepting their validity - more information
  • Name distribution statistics are generated from a global database of over 4 billion people - more information
  • Heatmap: Dark red means there is a higher occurrence of the name, transitioning to light yellow signifies a progressively lower occurrence. Clicking on selected countries will show mapping at a regional level
  • Rank: Name are ranked by incidence using the ordinal ranking method; the name that occurs the most is assigned a rank of 1; name that occur less frequently receive an incremented rank; if two or more name occur the same number of times they are assigned the same rank and successive rank is incremented by the total preceeding names
  • Ethnic group cannot necessarily be determined by geographic occurrence
  • Similar: Names listed in the "Similar" section are phonetically similar and may not have any relation to Osman
  • To find out more about this surname's family history, lookup records on Family​Search, My​Heritage, FindMyPast and Ancestry. Further information may be obtained by DNA analysis